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Haddon, 1968 Haddon’s Injury Model was used as the framework for this paper. Prevent Event Post Event HostAgentEnvironment
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Women in Agriculture: Risks for Occupational Injury within
the Contexts of Role and Haddon’s Injury Model
Carrie A. McCoyNorthern Kentucky University
Ann K. CarruthSoutheastern Louisiana University
Deborah B. ReedUniversity of Kentucky
Introduction
• Exposure to injury-producing events in the context of gendered role and Haddon’s Injury Model
• According to Haddon, injuries do not occur by accident (Haddon, 1968).
Haddon, 1968
Haddon’s Injury Model was used as the framework for this paper.
• Prevent
• Event
• Post Event
Host Agent Environment
Profile of Farm Women• 23.1% of farm operators and managers and 19%
of farm workers are female (Statistical Abstracts of U.S. 1998).
• Women operated 165,102 farms (8.6% of all farms) (USDA, 1999).– Over half list an occupation other than farming as
their principal occupation.
Profile of Farm Women
• Older on average than male counterparts• Operated smaller farms
– 43% less than 50 acres– 68.5% had sales less than $10,000
Women’s Contributions to Agriculture
• Invisible Farmers– invisibility of farm women’s work– gendered division of labor on the farm
• More daughters are entering farming
Role
• Managers• Taylor (1997)
– 41% husbands’ assistants– 34% silent partners– 22 hours working on farm
• Reed (1999) 46% homemakers engaged in farm work
Participation in Farm Tasks
• Conditioned by – individual self-identified role– self-efficacy
• Agricultural partners and producers more involved in farm tasks
Other Factors Affecting Participation in Farm Tasks
• Size of farm• Farm Commodity• Marital status• Control of land• Husband’s off farm work• Education level• Previous farming
experience
Injury Risk in Context of Host, Agent, Environment
• Pre-event exposure to multitude of biologic, chemical, physical, and mechanical agents
• Uncontrolled transfer of energy during event phase is dependent on host, catalyst (agent) that produces outcome, and the environment.
Host Risks for Injury-Social Cultural
• Role identity • Self-efficacy• Perceived vulnerability to injury• Knowledge and beliefs (Leckie,1996; Zeuli
& Levins 1995)
Host Risk for Injury Physical Factors
• Age• Physical stature• Physical health status• Use of medications• Fatigue and stress• May be more susceptible to some types of injuries
– Falls (Carruth et.al., 2001; Nordstrom et al., 1996; McCoy, 2000)
– Pronator syndrome (Stal, Hagert & Moritz, 1998)
Vehicle/Vectors of Injury
• Machinery– PTOs (MMWR, 1992; Roerig, 1993)– Design issues– Exposure (Carruth et al., 2001)
• Presence of large animals (Browning et al.; 1998; Carruth et al., 2001; McCoy 2000; Myers, et al., 1999; Steuland et al.; 1997)
Environmental Risks• Physical environment
– Risk of falls– Temperature extremes– Caring for animals
• Dairy farming - (Boyle et al., 1997; Nordstrom et al., 1995)
• Cultural environment– Cultural norms regarding division of labor– Economic pressures - third-shift phenomenon
Limitations
• Mostly descriptive in nature• Studies have focused on the injury event• Few studies have targeted women
– Most limited to one geographic area – Definition of injury inconsistent across studies– Selection criteria different across studies– Many based on hospital data
Limitations
• Injury in the context of role has not been addressed
• Inconsistent injury rates compared to men• Quantitative data with very little qualitative
triangulation.
Recommendations
• Examine relationship between host, agent and environment
• Focus on the pre-event phase• Examine roles and risk for occupational injury• Ergonomics and musculoskeletal injury• Improved links between quantitative and
qualitative (narrative) data.
Acknowledgements
• National Institute for Nursing Research, National Research Service Award
• Cooperative agreement with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
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