View
5
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Association de l’industrie électrique du Québec (AIEQ) 9 October 2012 Doug Price, VP Electrical Engineering
Wind Integration in Distribution & Transmission Networks: Current and Evolving Requirements and Mechanisms
CO
NTE
NT
1. Introduction to GL Garrad Hassan
4. Emerging Standards
5. Operations and Market Mechanisms
2. Key Interconnection Requirements
3. Generator Characteristics
AIEQ: Wind Integration
GL Garrad Hassan is the largest global dedicated renewables consultancy • 950+ staff, in 42 locations, across 24 countries • Over 100 offshore staff worldwide
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Clients We Serve
Government, Research
IPPs/Developers: Solar Wind
Grid Owners/Operators: ISO/RTO IOU’s Muni’s REC’s Public Utility Districts
Independent Transmission Developers
Lenders Investors Insurance
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Leveraging Grid Expertise Across the GL Group
6.900 Employees in 80 Countries
Electrical Engineering
GL PWR Solutions
GL Group
Due Diligence, Owner’s Engineering, Interconnection Services
GR
ID SER
VICES
SynerGEE Electric
Transmission Planning, Engineering, Wind Integration Studies
Distribution Software & Modelling
Power Markets & Transmission Analysis
Congestion & Curtailment Studies Price Forecasting
Measurements Strategic & Policy Studies
Wind Integration Studies, Policy Analysis
Voltage Ride Through,
Power Quality
AIEQ: Wind Integration
GL Garrad Hassan Industry Participation
• Utility Variable Generation Integration Group (UVIG) • NERC Integration of Variable Generation Task Force
(IVGTF) • IEEE Standards and Working Groups • AWEA Transmission Committee • Regulatory Stakeholder Processes • Wind integration studies - Contribute to study efforts
AIEQ: Wind Integration
CO
NTE
NT
1. Introduction to GL Garrad Hassan
4. Emerging Standards
5. Operations and Market Mechanisms
2. Key Interconnection Requirements
3. Generator Characteristics
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Key Interconnection Requirements
• Voltage Ride Through • Turbine Capability Dependent, but • Project Specific Studies required
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Key Interconnection Requirements
• Power Factor/Reactive Power Capability
AIEQ: Wind Integration
• Can be met with combination of static (e.g. capacitors, reactors) and dynamic (turbines, STATCOM) depending on study results
Key Interconnection Requirements
• Voltage Regulation – Primary, Secondary • Coordinated control of:
• Turbines (power factor or voltage control) • Capacitors/Reactors/STATCOM • Main transformer tap changers
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Key Interconnection Requirements
• Inertial Response
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Key Interconnection Requirements
• Ramp Rate Control
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Key Interconnection Requirements
• Power Quality • Standards • Turbines may be
compliant but plant resonant
• Studies recommended to identify potential issues, but measurements also needed
• Filtering may be required in turbines or substation
AIEQ: Wind Integration
CO
NTE
NT
1. Introduction to GL Garrad Hassan
4. Emerging Standards
5. Operations and Market Mechanisms
2. Key Interconnection Requirements
3. Generator Characteristics
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Generator Characteristics
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Induction (example: Mitsubishi 1.0 MW)
No dynamic reactive power capability
Resistive slip (example: Vestas previous)
No dynamic capability
Doubly Fed Induction Gen. (ex: GE 1.5 MW)
Full dynamic capability
Full converter (example: Siemens, Enercon)
Full dynamic capability
Generator Characteristics
• First Tier Manufacturers • +/- 0.90 power factor • Full LVRT Capability – but still plant specific studies • Inertial response - not commercially available from all
manufacturers • Robust SCADA with full spectrum options - key to
compliance • All turbines/projects can comply, additional equipment may
be required
AIEQ: Wind Integration
CO
NTE
NT
1. Introduction to GL Garrad Hassan
4. Emerging Standards
5. Operations and Market Mechanisms
2. Key Interconnection Requirements
3. Generator Characteristics
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Emerging Standards
AIEQ: Wind Integration
NERC • Integration of Variable Generation Task Force 1-3* • Interconnection Requirements for Variable Generation
• Reactive Power and Voltage Control • Performance During and After Disturbances • Active Power Control Capabilities • Harmonics and Subsynchronous Interaction • Models for Facility Interconnection Studies • Communications Between Variable Generation Plants and Grid Operators
• Other IVGTF groups reconciling with existing: FERC 661A, IEEE 1547
* From status report presentation at UWIG workshop Oct 2011
Emerging Standards
AIEQ: Wind Integration
NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Reactive Power and Voltage Control
Portion to be dynamic
Emerging Standards
AIEQ: Wind Integration
NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Performance during and after disturbances
Voltage Ride Through
Frequency Ride Through
Emerging Standards
AIEQ: Wind Integration
NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Performance During and After Disturbances • High Voltage Ride Through
Emerging Standards
AIEQ: Wind Integration
NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Active Power Control • Require curtailment capability, but avoid requirement for excessively fast
response • Require capability to limit rate of increase of power output (ramp rate
control) • Frequency response
• Encourage or mandate reduction of active power in response to high grid frequency (over-frequency governor function)
• Consider requiring capability to provide increased active power in response to grid low frequency (under-frequency governor function)
Emerging Standards
AIEQ: Wind Integration
•Ramp rate control • Ramp events are recognized issue in high penetration regions, especially in
island/weak grids • Some ISOs require (up) ramp rate control
• Example: ERCOT: 10% of plant nameplate per minute
Siemens Net Converter Information
Emerging Standards
AIEQ: Wind Integration
NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Harmonics and Subsynchronous Interaction • Typically don’t pose risk to grid • More risk to plant • Specific Recommendations
• Request harmonics study • Request SSI study assessing risk and mitigation, if located near series compensated lines
• GL GH already requests as part of due diligence and recommends harmonics measurements
• SSI mitigation responsibility will typically fall on manufacturer to modify controls
NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Harmonics and Subsynchronous Interaction • Typically don’t pose risk to grid • More risk to plant • Specific Recommendations
• Request harmonics study • Request SSI study assessing risk and mitigation, if located near series compensated lines
• GL GH already requests as part of due diligence and recommends harmonics measurements
• SSI mitigation responsibility will typically fall on manufacturer to modify controls
Emerging Standards
AIEQ: Wind Integration
NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Models for Interconnection Studies – recommendations: • The detailed dynamic model must be accurate over the frequency range of 0.1 to 5
Hz. Time constants in the model should not be less than 5 ms. • The detailed dynamics model must have been validated against a physical or type
test. • Verification of detailed model performance should be confirmed during
commissioning to the extent possible. The following tests shall be performed: • Primary/secondary voltage control • Low voltage and high voltage ride through • Power factor/reactive power capability • Power ramping and power curtailment
Emerging Standards
AIEQ: Wind Integration
NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Communications between Plant and Grid Operator • Detailed plant & met data • Grid Op. control of Plant:
• Plant breaker trip command • Voltage order • Max MW (curtailment) • Engage up ramp rate limiter • Engage down ramp rate limiter • Engage frequency control function • Block auto-restart (on/off)
• Turbine SCADA system is key! 24-Hour Prediction on ERCOT Total Wind Power:
November, 2009
0100020003000400050006000
11/1 11/4 11/7 11/10 11/13 11/16 11/19 11/22 11/25 11/28 12/1
Date
Pow
er (M
W)
GH Forecaster
Actual
CO
NTE
NT
1. Introduction to GL Garrad Hassan
4. Evolving Standards
5. Operations and Market Mechanisms
2. Key Interconnection Requirements
3. Generator Characteristics
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Operations & Market Mechanisms
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Forecasting – Wind is Variable, but Can Be Forecast!
Operations & Market Mechanisms
AIEQ: Wind Integration
Delta Control •Operate with constant delta below max •Spilling wind – but may allow least cost reg up and spinning reserve
Siemens Net Converter Information
Operations & Market Mechanisms
AIEQ: Wind Integration
• Improved forecasting and high resolution plant data • Intra-hour markets • Energy Storage • Integrate Demand Management • AGC Development • Expanded/shared balancing area agreement • Transmission!
Recommended