View
8
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Challenges and Opportunities
in Integrating Large Amounts
of Wind and Solar Energy
into Utility Grids
Lucy Pao
Lucy Pao – August 20172
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Outline
Lucy Pao
[ images from proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
3
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Power Systems
When synchronous
generators that are
operating at nearly
the same frequency
are interconnected,
they will “swing”
together at nearly
the same frequency.
Large
deviations in
frequency can
destabilize the
network of
connected
generators.
[Based upon a slide from Mark Ahlstrom of WindLogics]
Most traditional power plants have synchronous generators.
4
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Generation Load
Frequency Fluctuationsgoverned by swing equation
fgrid = 50 Hz fgrid < 50 Hz fgrid > 50 Hz
M
PP
dt
dfLGgrid
[Slide courtesy of Jacob Aho]
5
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Generation Load
Frequency Fluctuationsgoverned by swing equation
fgrid = 50 Hz fgrid < 50 Hz fgrid > 50 Hz
Equivalent Power
Generation
M
PP
dt
dfLGgrid
[Slide courtesy of Jacob Aho]
5
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Generation Load
Frequency Fluctuationsgoverned by swing equation
fgrid = 50 Hz fgrid < 50 Hz fgrid > 50 Hz
Equivalent Power
Generation
M
PP
dt
dfLGgrid
[Slide courtesy of Jacob Aho]
5
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Balancing Electrical Generation and Load
❖ Traditionally, generation is controlled to match
varying load
▪ Operational reserves needed
▪ Imbalance causes frequency variations on utility grid
Generation
coal nuclear hydrogas
Load
appliances,
lighting, gadgets,
cooling, heating, etc.
6
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Balancing Electrical Generation and Load
Larger frequency fluctuations can cause load
shedding, or even blackouts
❖ Traditionally, generation is controlled to match
varying load
▪ Operational reserves needed
▪ Imbalance causes frequency variations on utility grid
– Frequency should be kept within 1% of nominal set point
6
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Maintaining Balance with Changing Load
System
Load
Hour of the Day
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Nuclear
Coal
Hydro
Gas
[Based upon a slide
from Mark Ahlstrom of WindLogics]
7
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Typical Demanded Power Levels
Lucy Pao
[ images from overstock.com, pcworld.com, apple.com, tesla.com ]
Laptop Mobile
phone
TV
Dishwasher
Area
heater
Coffee
machine
Toaster
Electric
kettle
Iron
Hair
blow
dryer
Vacuum
Microwave
Oven
Clothes
dryer
Air
conditioner
~ 1 kW~ 1 W~ 10 W
~ 100 W
Electric vehicle charging
~ 1 kW to 100 kW
8
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Outline
Lucy Pao
[ images from proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
9
The
Opportunities
Lucy Pao – August 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
510
5
Growth of Wind Power
[data from apps2.eere.energy.gov, gwec.net, navigant.com, and wwindea.org]
Since 2007,
average annual
growth of
installed wind
capacity is:
❖ 21% globally
❖ 57% in China
❖ 23% in the US
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
510
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
510
5 Installed Capacity [GW]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
510
5
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
02007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
10
China windWorld wind US wind
USA
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Esti
mate
d W
ind
Gen
era
tio
n a
s a
Pro
po
rtio
no
f E
lec
tric
ity C
on
su
mp
tio
n
De
nm
ark
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ire
lan
d
Sp
ain
Ge
rma
ny
Ro
ma
nia
U.K
.
Sw
ed
en
Au
str
ia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
lan
d
Tu
rke
y
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ita
ly
Ca
na
da
Fra
nc
e
Au
str
ali
a
Bra
zil
Ind
ia
Ch
ina
Me
xic
o
Ja
pa
n
GL
OB
AL
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Approximate Incremental Wind Penetration, end of 2016
Approximate Cumulative Wind Penetration, end of 2015
Wind Penetration
11
[ Source: 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report,
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab ]
Lucy Pao – August 2017
How Does Wind Energy Work?
[ figure from
www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk
based upon original
from US Dept. of Energy ]
Tower
Gear box
High-speed shaft
Generator
Low-speed shaft❖ Goal is
to maximize
power
generation
12
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Outline
Lucy Pao
[ images from proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
13
The
Opportunities
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Since 2007,
average annual
growth of
installed wind
capacity is:
❖ 21% globally
❖ 57% in China
❖ 23% in the US
Growth of Wind and Solar PV
[data from apps2.eere.energy.gov, gwec.net, navigant.com, and wwindea.org]
Installed Capacity [GW]500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
02007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
510
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
510
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
510
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
510
5
World wind China wind US wind
USA
World solar PV China solar PV US solar PV
Since 2007,
average annual
growth of
installed solar
PV capacity is:
❖ 48% globally
❖ 113% in China
❖ 54% in the US
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Esti
mate
d W
ind
Gen
era
tio
n a
s a
Pro
po
rtio
no
f E
lec
tric
ity C
on
su
mp
tio
n
De
nm
ark
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ire
lan
d
Sp
ain
Ge
rma
ny
Ro
ma
nia
U.K
.
Sw
ed
en
Au
str
ia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
lan
d
Tu
rke
y
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ita
ly
Ca
na
da
Fra
nc
e
Au
str
ali
a
Bra
zil
Ind
ia
Ch
ina
Me
xic
o
Ja
pa
n
GL
OB
AL
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Wind and Solar PV Penetration
15
[ Source: 2016 Wind Technologies Market Report,
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab ]
Approximate Incremental Wind Penetration, end of 2016
Approximate Cumulative Wind Penetration, end of 2015
[ 2016 solar data from iea-pvps.org ]
Approximate Solar PV Penetration, end of 2016
Lucy Pao – August 2017
How Does Solar PV Work?
❖ PV panel consists of layers of
material that produce electricity
when light shines on it
❖ Lower-end PV solar cells now
achieve about 11-15% efficiency
❖ Higher-end solar cells can
achieve about 20-30% efficiency
❖ Research laboratories have
demonstrated > 40%
❖ Goal is to maximize power
generation[ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell ]
16
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Outline
Lucy Pao
[ images from proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
17
The
Challenges
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Changes due to Wind and Solar
❖ Wind turbines and solar PV arrays are typically decoupled
from the grid through their power electronics
▪ Wind and solar generally do not participate in “balancing
services”
▪ Creates increased burden on remaining generating units
Generation
coal nuclear hydrogas
windsolar
18
Load
appliances,
lighting, gadgets,
cooling, heating,
battery charging, etc.
etc.
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Changes due to Wind Energy
System
Load
Hour of the Day
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Nuclear
Coal
Hydro
Gas
Often
more wind
power
available
at night
Remaining system load that must be
met with other generating sources
[Based upon a slide
from Mark Ahlstrom of WindLogics]
19
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Changes due to Wind and Solar Energy
System
Load
Hour of the Day
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
[Based upon a slide
from Mark Ahlstrom of WindLogics]
Solar power
available during the
daytime
Remaining
system load that
must be met with
other generating
sources
Nuclear
Coal
Hydro
Gas
19
Lucy Pao – August 2017
How Does Wind Energy Work?
[ figure from
www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk
based upon original
from US Dept. of Energy ]
Tower
Gear box
High-speed shaft
Generator
Low-speed shaft❖ Goal is
to maximize
power
generation
12
Lucy Pao – August 2017
How Does Solar PV Work?
❖ PV panel consists of layers of
material that produce electricity
when light shines on it
❖ Lower-end PV solar cells now
achieve about 11-15% efficiency
❖ Higher-end solar cells can
achieve about 20-30% efficiency
❖ Research laboratories have
demonstrated > 40%
❖ Goal is to maximize power
generation[ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell ]
16
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Outline
Lucy Pao
[ images from proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
20
Possible
Solutions
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Possible Solution: APC of Wind and Solar
❖ Active Power Control of
Wind and Solar Power
Plants
▪ De-rate wind and solar
power plants
▪ Enable wind turbines and
solar photovoltaic panels
to follow changing power
reference commands[figure from a presentation by A. Kowli,
original from SVK (Swedish national grid)]
21
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Wind Turbine Field Test Results[ 2013 – 2015, Aho, Buckspan, Fleming, Pao ]
Rated Power
IdealField Test Input
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
Fre
qD
evia
tio
n[H
z]
500
510
520
530
540
550
Po
wer
[kW
]
0 50 100 150 200Time [s]
Commanded Power
Generated Power
22
Wind can be
faster than
conventional
generation.
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Solar PV Array Field Test Results[ 2016, Hoke and Maksimovic ]
7 7.5 8 8.5 9
Time [s]
-1
-0.5
0
Fre
q
Dev
[Hz]
1
2
3
Po
wer
[kW
]
Actual
Ideal
Estimate of Possible Power
Commanded Power
Generated Power
23
Solar PV can also be faster
than conventional generation.
Lucy Pao – August 2017
On-Going Challenges
❖ Interactions among wind turbines on a wind farm
Horns Rev 1 Shallow-Water Wind Farm, Denmark. [Photographer Christian Steiness]
❖ Proper market incentives should be established
25
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Other Possible Solutions
❖ Curtail wind and solar as needed
❖ More transmission lines
❖ Improved wind and solar forecasts
❖ Demand-side management
▪ Thermal storage
▪ Time-of-use pricing and “optimal”
pricing strategies
[figure from a presentation by A. Kowli,
original from SVK (Swedish national grid)]
❖ Storage (at GWh scale)
▪ Expensive
▪ Effect of millions of electric
vehicles, whose batteries can be
either a load or a supply
24
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Outline
Lucy Pao
[ images from proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
25
While there are many challenges,
there are many solution possibilities.
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Wind Energy Control Area Acknowledgments
Research supported by:
as well as other industry (who wish to remain
anonymous)
26
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Wind Energy Control Area Acknowledgments
Collaborators:
Ned Patton
Paul Fleming
Kathryn Johnson
Erik Ela Alan Wright
Bonnie Jonkman
Bob McLeod
Rod Frehlich
Neil Kelley
Jason Marden
J-W. van Wingerden
Yingchen Zhang
Vahan GevorgianAndrew Scholbrock
Rick Damiani
Patrick Moriarty
Eric Loth
Martin Kühn
27
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Wind Energy Area Acknowledgments
Recent Students, Current PhD Students/Postdoc, and Visiting Students:
Andrew Buckspan
MS ‘13
Jason LaksPhD ‘13
July
2013Eric Simley
PhD ‘15
ShervinShajieePhD ‘15
Jacob Aho
Fiona DunnePhD ‘16
FlorisTeeuwisse
MS ‘13
Pieter GebraadPhD ‘14
Jen AnnoniPhD ‘16
Na WangPhD ‘13
Daniel Zalkind
David SchlipfPhD ‘15
BartDoekemeijer
MS ‘16
RóbertUnguránChris Bay
Michael Sinner28
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Wind Energy Control Area Acknowledgments
29
Michael Sinner(CO PhD student)
Dr. VlahoPetrović(Post Doc)
Prof. Dr. Martin Kühn
Mehdi Vali(PhD student)
July
2017
2016-2017
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Thanks to Professor Ho
30
1998 Japan-USA-Vietnam
Symposium
Dim Sum in Beijing, 2012
First contacted Larry
in 1991
ONR program reviews
1997-2000
Sabbatical at Harvard
2001-2002
Lucy Pao – August 2017
50 MW Segmented Ultralight Morphing Rotors (SUMR)
for Wind Energy
2016 – 2019
[ E. Loth, D. T. Griffith, K. Johnson, P. Moriarty, L. Pao, M. Selig ]
Lucy Pao – August 2017
P̂
• Feedback controller
• Additionally using feedforward can improve performance
• For point-to-point maneuvers, different trajectories can lead to different settle-time performance
• On-line adaptation can enable increased performance
− Varying environmental conditions
− Slightly different plants across a population
yd
C-
u
Py
+ +FCL
FP
ydTrajectory
Generator
Sys
ID
Closed-Loop Input
Plant Input
Pao Research Group Interests
Combined Feedforward / Feedback Control
3
Combined
Feedforward / Feedback
Controller
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Disk Drives
Wind
Turbines
Atomic
Force
Microscope
sPhotodetectorLaser
Beam
Tip
Surface
Cantilever
Line Scan
Tip Atoms
Force
Surface Atoms
Tape Drives
Pao Research Group Interests
Example Applications
4
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Total Year End 2016 Wind Capacity: 487 GW
Installed in 2016: 55 GW
Data from 2016 Wind Technologies
Market Report, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory
Worldwide Wind Power Capacity
8
China 35%
US 17%
Germany 10%India 6%Spain 5%
UK 3%
France 2%
Canada 2%
Brazil 2%
Italy 2%
Other 16%
Lucy Pao – August 2017
Worldwide Solar PV Capacity
12
Total Year End 2016 PV Capacity: 303 GW
Installed in 2016: 74 GWData from iea-pvps.org
China 26%
Japan 14%
Germany 14%
US 13%Italy 6%
UK 4%
India 3%
France 2%
Australia2%
Spain 2%Other 14%
Recommended