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Wildlife ConservationWildlife ConservationHow can we (wildlife vets) do?How can we (wildlife vets) do?
TheThe 1010thth Wildlife Intensive CourseWildlife Intensive Course
for New Graduated Veterinariansfor New Graduated Veterinarians
MayMay 1010--1111,, 20122012
PaisinPaisin LekcharoenLekcharoen, D.V.M., D.V.M.
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Values and ethic of natureincluding wildlife
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Utilitarian value Consumptive Productive
Ecosystem services
Scientific/educational
Cultural/spiritual
Experiential/existence
Worth every
moment
experiential
HowHas a right
My team
mascot
totemic My bestfriend
aesthetic
intrinsic
anthropomorphic
Tasty
consumtive
Unique
scientific
Endangered?
conservation
Environmentally
significant
ecological
Pest!
negative
Great chase!
mastery
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Intrinsic value
Ecocentric ethic
Biocentric ethic
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Biological diversityBiodiversity most often define as the "totality of genes, species, and
ecosystems of a region".
Ecosystem diversity
Species diversity
Genetic diversity
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Ecological health
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Healthy in any components
PopulationPopulationCommunityCommunity
EcosystemEcosystem
Ecozone/biomeEcozone/biome
EarthEarth
Organ systemOrgan systemOrganOrgan
CellCell
OrganelleOrganelle
BiomoleculeBiomolecule
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Biodiversity loss
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Human demography and Species
richness
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Health effects of biodiversity loss
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Threats to wildlife
and what is a role of wildlife vet
Threats to
wildlife
Illegal tradeEncroachment
Urbanization
Hunting/poaching
Habitat loss, degradation
Illegal collection
Custom andtradition
Global warming
Pollution
Agricultural practice
Technology andindustry
Global demography
Diseases
GeneticExotic pet, Alienspecies
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Genetic effect
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F (Bottleneck effect)
High diversity inHigh diversity in
Original populationOriginal population
Low diversity inLow diversity in
Present populationPresent population
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Habitat loss and fragmentation Habitat destruction
Habitat fragmentation
Population isolation
Habitat degradation
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Introduced and invasive species
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Pollution
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Overharvest
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Global climate change
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Emerging infectious disease
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Wildlife conservationIn situ conservation Ex situ conservation
Protected areaPatrolling
Wildlife habitat
Captive breedingResearch
Public education
Wildlife reintroduction
Wildlife health
ResearchLaw enforcement
Translocation
Ecological corridorPopulation control
bankingBiotechnology
Law enforcementWildlife farming
EIDsmanagement
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ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY
Wildlife veterinarian
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Genetic conservationGenetic conservation
Conservation genetics is a mixture ofecology, molecular biology,population genetics,
mathematical modeling and evolutionary systematic (the construction of family
relationships).
Scientists must first understand the genetic relationships of the organisms
under study. Once this basic science is understood by scientists,
management techniques must then be applied by wildlife managers topreserve biological diversity in these species.
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Threatened species of Thailand
Vertebrateanimal
Number of
species inThailand
Status of vertebrate animal in Thailand Total
EX EW CR EN VU NT LC DD
Mammal 302 1 4 12 35 58 - - - 110
Avian 982 2 2 43 66 91 100 - 6 310
Reptile 350 - 1 11 6 16 53 188 90 365
Amphibian 137 - - - - 17 33 64 36 150
Fish 2820 2 - 18 42 150 20 - 31 263
Total 4591 5 7 84 149 332 206 252 163 1198
Remarks: Red Data of Thailand (FF, 2553)
EX, Extinct - F; EW,Extinct in the wild- F; CR, CriticallyEndangered - F; EN, Endangered-F; VU, Vulnerable - F; NT, Near Threatened- , LC, Least Concern ; DD, Data Deficient - ;
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What do we need to know to genetically manage threatened species?
Is the taxonomy clearly known?
YesNo
Is the population small?
Yes
Does the population suffer from
inbreeding problems or have lowgenetic diversity?
NoDoes chromosomes all have the same numberand shape?
Conduct genetic study of all population
No Yes Probably one species
* Adapted from flowchart of questions that are asked in relation to genetic issue in conservationfrom Introduction of conservation genetics, 2003
Yes No
Are there other
populations tocross to?
Yes
Is the
populationfragmented?
No
What is the population structure?
Is there sufficient gene flow?
NoYesUnknown
Are there differences amongpopulation?
No Yes Different species
Is introgression aproblem?
Are there differences among population?
YesNo UnknownNoYes Polymorphismswithin a species
Use genetic study todecide
If chromosomes do not
resolve the issue, obtain
more data with othergenetic markers
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What is conservation genetic?
Conservation GeneticsConservation Genetics Introgression
Population structure and fragmentation
Understanding species biology
Out-breeding
Evolutionary genetics
Taxonomic uncertainties
Forensics
Small populationSmall population
CaptiveWild
* Adapted from flowchart of structure and content of conservation genetics in conservationfrom Introduction of conservation genetics, 2003
Mutational
accumulation
Loss of genetic
diversity
Genetic adaptation tocaptivity
Inbreeding
Extinction
Reproductive fitness
Identify management unitGenetic management
Reintroduction
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Conservation genetic?Conservation genetic?
In situ
Does the population suffer from
inbreeding problems?Or have low genetic diversity?
No
Ex situ
Aged
Hybrid -- No Yes Genetic proven
AdultDead
Is taxonomy clearly known?
Yes
Geneticstudy
Is taxonomy clearly known?
Genetic Conservation of Wild Animals
Yes
Yes No
What is the population structure?
Is there sufficient gene flow?
Mating?
Paternal Maternal
No Breeders
Reintroduction
New born
Genome Resource
Bank
ART technique
Genetic diversity
No
Translocation
Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, MayWildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May 20122012
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Hybrid speciesHybrid species
F - F
Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, MayWildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May 20122012
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Hybrid speciesHybrid species
- F
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Taxonomy
DNA study
Paternal Maternal
: Genetic study (mtDNA: D-loop, Cyto-b,
16S rRNA and NADH-5 part)
- To recognize the subspecies and/or
haplotype for conservation management
purpose
34
Mitochondrial studyY-chromosome study
Low variation High variation
Indo Chinese Tiger
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Indo-Chinese TigerPanthera tigris corbetti
11. Genetic data of. Genetic data of
FelidaeFelidae forforreintroduction planreintroduction plan
Subspecies
Haplotype
Pedigree
22. Breeding plan. Breeding plan
33. International and/or. International and/or
local publicationlocal publication44. New researcher. New researcher
Genetic Management
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(Asian Elephant)(Asian Elephant)
FF
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Genetic Evaluation ofThai wild buffaloespopulation
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Genetic Evaluation ofThai wild buffaloespopulation
Wild buffalo
in HKK sanctuary
Fecal sample
Comparison
& Analysis
Domestic buffalo from
three restricted areas
Blood samples
Domestic swamp buffalo
throughout ThailandBlood Samples
Gen-bank buffalo
data
Anao, river buf. etc.
Wild buffalo
from Museum
Bone sample
F
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F(In situ)
39
F
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F (Ex situ)
40
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Genetic consideration for reintroduction
Historical range and ARTs
IVFThamin Elds deer
Siamese Elds deer
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Wildlife Management
Protected Area (Wildlife Sanctuary, Non-hunting Area,
National Park)
Wildlife Breeding Center, Wildlife Research Center NGOs, Zoological Park Organization, University
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Ex situ conservationcommercial purpose
E it ildlif b diE it ildlif b di
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Ex situ wildlife breedingEx situ wildlife breeding
Private Wildlife breeding center
1. 42 F
F
F F
Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, MayWildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May 20122012
E itE it ildlif b diildlif b di
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Ex situEx situ wildlife breedingwildlife breeding
Private Wildlife breeding center
FF2.F8
3.F6
4.F1 5. F 2
Wildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, MayWildlife Ecology in Veterinary Medicine, May 20122012
E it ti
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Ex situ conservation
for reintroductionFFFF
C did t A i l M t
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Candidate Animal Management
Genetic screening
mtDNA (Cyt.B, D-loop)
Health screening and
Physical examination
Blood profile
Epidemiologicalevaluation
Miscellaneous
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Ex situ conservation
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Ex situ conservation
for reintroduction
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Wildlife veterinary forensics
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Forensic process
Crime scene
Forensic Lab
Courtroom
Chain of custody
Quality assurance
( )
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(WV) Forensic pathologist
Physical exam Time of Death
Manner of Death
Livor mortis
Algor mortisRigor mortis
Accidental
Natural
Gastric emptying time
Entomology
Disease
Non-accidental!!!
Toxicology
d
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Being a detective
Crime scene
investigation
Cause of deathdetermination
Class characteranalysis
Individualizationanalysis
Wildlif di id i l
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Wildlife disease epidemiology
Distribution
Time
Place
Epidemiology
Driver
Person/animal
Cause
Risk factor
Wildlife disease epidemiology
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Wildlife disease epidemiologyEIDs: threat to human, wildlife and ecological health
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EIDs inWildlife
Biodiversityloss
EIDs inHuman
We can see only the Tip of the IcebergWe can see only the Tip of the Iceberg
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Report
-Death
-Case (mostlysevere)
Cases in
community
(active cases)
Mild or nosymptom
Treated by owner
Self recovering
DeathThese cases can
be potential
spreader
S ill
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Surveillance
Surveillance is information for action
Surveillance system
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Surveillance system
Identification of
the agent-viral isolation
-
-RT-PCR
Serological test-IgM captured ELISA
-HI
-IgG ELISA
-PRNT
Outbreak investigation
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Outbreak investigation
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Wildlife rescue
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Wildlife rescue
Rehabilitation
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Rehabilitation
Perspective for Wildlife Conservation
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Resource management
Habitat protectionEcosystem protectionSupport for field conservation
Inspiring action
Managed wild population
Biodiversity conservation
AgriculturePet industry
EducationEntertainment
Managed exhibit population
Intensivemanagement
Zoo, aquarium &botanic garden
In conclusion
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Care of sick animal
Breeding of endangered wildlife and reintroduction
Assistance in wildlife research
Diagnosis of wildlife deathsPrevention and management of infectious disease
Wildlife population viability analysis
Pest and invasive species controlRescue and rehabilitation
Translocation of isolated population
Genetic resource banking
People awareness and education: Zoonosis,
occupational health, conservation
Environmental contamination assessmentEtc
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What could you do???
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