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WIA2004 (1) 1
WIA2004: Operating Systems
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mazliza OthmanRoom B-3-20, Block BEmail: mazliza@um.edu.my
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References
Flynn I.M., McHoes, A.M., “Understanding Operating Systems”, 8th Edition, Thomson Course Technology, 2017.
Silberschatz and Galvin, “Operating Systems Concepts”, 6th Edition, John Wiley, 2002.
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History of OS Development
1st-generation computers (1940-1955). 2nd-generation computers (1955-1965). 3rd-generation computers (from mid
1960s). 1970s. 1980s. 1990s. 2000s. 2010s
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The First Computers
Augusta Ada Byron, the world’s first
computer programmer played
a key role in formulating the
notion of programming the Analytical Engine.
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The First Computers
In 1991, the London Science
Museum built the Difference Engine using
Babbage's plans, as shown in this
woodcut. It worked
perfectly.
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The First Computers
Hollerith’s punched-card tabulating machines are
the predecessors of today’s business machines.
Hollerith & the Automated Census Bureau invented an electronic punching device
founded Tabulating Machine Co. which became IBM
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Foundations of Modern Computing
ENIAC, created by Dr. John Mauchly & J.
Presper Eckert, for use in the
war but was not completed in time. It was
mainly used to solve math problems.
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The Stored Program Concept
The computer program, as well as the data, is stored in the computer’s memory.
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The First Generation (1950s)
The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes failed frequently so first generation
computers did not work most of the time.
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Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
UNIVAC gained fame when it predicted Eisenhower as the winner of the 1952 U.S.
presidential election.
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The First Generation
Features of UNIVAC easier to use (than ENIAC) fewer vacuum tubes (more reliable) stored program general-purpose used machine language
IBM 701 IBM 650
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Second Generation (Early1960s)
The transistor heralded the
second generation of computers
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The Second Generation Features and Advancements
still used punch cards used printers, tape storage, & disk storage used high-level programming languages COBOL & FORTRAN introduced
IBM 1401
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The Second Generation
Electronic Recording Machine --Accounting (ERMA)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
IBM System/360 line of compatible computers instruction set enabled to be used for both
business and science
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The Third Generation (Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)
Advancements and Milestones used timesharing accessed remotely by terminals used integrated circuits (small, medium, to
large-scale integration) resulting in lower cost
Integrated chips
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The Third Generation More Advancements and Milestones
DEC’s minicomputer, the PDP-8 many different programming languages IBM “unbundled” its systems
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Still More Advancements and Milestones Wide-area networks (WAN) developed ARPANET implemented Internet protocols
(TCPIP) Local area networks (LAN) developed Mainframes (proprietary)/minicomputers
(open architecture)
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The Fourth Generation (1975-1991)
Advancements and Milestones employed very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
developed Intel 4004, first microprocessor Apple Computer founded IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC) IBM compatibles or clones introduced
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The Fourth GenerationThe first IBM PC was released in 1981. Intel provided the
microprocessor chip and Microsoft Corporation provided the operating system
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The Fourth Generation
Interfaces IntelMotorola
Macintosh PCThe first GUI was developed at Xerox
Corporation’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)
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ModuleB
Macintosh was the first commercial
personal computer to offer a user interface
Microsoft’s Windows 98 is a
popular GUI designed for
IBM-compatible microcomputers
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A Fifth Generation?
Experts have forecast that the
hallmark of the fifth generation will be
artificial intelligence (AI), in which
computers exhibit characteristics of human intelligence. AI has been slow in
coming.
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A Fifth Generation?
Technologically, we’re still in the fourth generation, in which engineers
are pushing to see how many transistors they can pack on chip. This
effort alone will bring some of the trappings of AI.
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What is an operating system?
THE boss of a computing system. An operating system (OS manages all
hardware and software. It controls every file, device, section of
main memory and nano-second of processing.
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Hardware Configuration
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Types of Operating Systems
4 categories based on response time and how data is entered into the system: Batch systems, Interactive systems, Real-time systems, and Hybrid systems.
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OS Software
There are 4 managers of an OS: Memory manager Processor manager
Job scheduler Process scheduler
Device manager File manager
Each manager must work harmoniously with other managers.
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Sub-system managers
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Network Manager
The fifth manager for OS with networking capability.
Allows authorized users to share resources.
Responsible for all aspects of network connectivity.
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User Command Interface
The User Command Interface provides a means for users to issue command to the OS.
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Machine Hardware (1)
A computer’s hardware is the physical machine and its electronic components.
Main memory: where data and instructions must reside to be processed.
Input/output (I/O) device: peripheral units such as printers, disk drives, CD drives, thumb drive.
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Machine Hardware (2)
Central processing unit (CPU): the brain of a computer. Controls the operation of the entire
computer system. Consists of circuits (chips) to control the
interpretation and execution of instruction.
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Current OS (1)
The features of current OS are based on users’ needs. Support for multimedia applications Internet and Web access Client/server computing.
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Current OS (2)
The system architecture has been improved in the way components are programmed and organized.
Use of object-oriented design; reorganization of the kernel.
The kernel is the part of the OS that resides in memory at all times.
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Current OS (3)
Another important improvement is the introduction of threads.
A process has 2 characteristics: It requires space in main memory where
it resides during the execution. From time to time, it requires other resources (e.g. data files).
It passes through several states (e.g. running, waiting, ready) from its initial arrival to its completion.
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Current OS (4)
In a modern OS, processes are swapped between main memory and secondary storage during execution. In conventional processes (known as
heavyweight processes), this incurs high overhead because for each swap, all process info must be saved to preserve the process’s integrity.
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Current OS (5)
A thread is a unit smaller than a process; it can be scheduled and executed. The heavyweight process which owns
resources becomes a passive element. The thread becomes the element that
uses the CPU and is scheduled for execution.
Swapping a thread is less time consuming than swapping a process because there is less info to be saved.
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Current OS (6)
Multiprocessing is where two or more CPUs share the same main memory, most I/O devices and the same control program routines.
They service the same job stream and execute distinct processing programs concurrently.
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Current OS (7)
Symmetric multiprocessing allows several CPUs to process multiple jobs at the same time. The CPUs are independent of each other. Each CPU has access to the OS. They share memory and secondary
storage devices.
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Current OS (8) In asymmetric multiprocessing, some OS
functions are assigned to subordinate processors, which take their instructions from the main CPU. E.g. in a system with one processor, all disk
scheduling and program calculations are managed by the CPU.
If a second CPU is added and assigned the responsibility for disk scheduling, then upon request from the main CPU this processor executes its own algorithm to handle requests for disk access.
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Current OS (9)
Cloud Computing changes the role of OS. It allows OS to accommodate remote
access to system resources, and provides increased security for these transactions.
At its roots, the OS still maintains responsibility for managing all local resources and coordinating data transfer to and from the cloud.
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