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So who are the Scots?What is Scotland?
Or: How to make your students realize that this is complicated
The book
• Broun, D., Finlay, R.J., Lynch, M. (eds), Image and Identity: the making and re-making of Scotland through the ages,John Donald 1998
• ISBN 0 85976 409 5
• Scoti / Picti / fir nAlaban cluster• 'Where on earth is Scotia?' cluster• David I cluster • Administration cluster• Kingship / Allegiance cluster• Edward I cluster• William Wallace and Communitas Regni
cluster• Origins cluster
Seminar groups / exercises
Scoti / Picti / fir nAlaban cluster
• General early nomenclature: Scoti = Gaels/Irish
• Bede > Scoti (Gaels) in Dal Riata (C7th)
• Picti > non-Gael inhabitants of Alba?
• Is Alba Pictland? Is it Scotia?• Gaelic sources: Goideli
(Gaels) living in Alba = fir Alban (C10) - meaning?
• Placenames:– Beinn an Albannaich in Argyll
> what is the 'Albannach' here?
– Stob Coir' an Albanaich > ditto.
'Where on earth is Scotia?' cluster
• Holyrood chronicle (1150-1189)– Scotia includes
territory south of Forth - Edinburgh is clearly mentioned
– Unclear about Moray
?
• Holyrood chronicle (1150-1189)•Fordun re 1214
– William I campaign: returned from Moray to Scotia
?
?
?
'Where on earth is Scotia?' cluster
• Holyrood chronicle (1150-1189)
• Fordun re 1214• De Situ Albanie
(1202-1214): Scotia=– 1) mainland north of
Forth/Clyde without Caithness ?
– 2) mainland north of Forth, minus Argyll & Lennox
'Where on earth is Scotia?' cluster
?
• Holyrood chronicle (1150-1189)• Fordun re 1214• De Situ Albanie (1202-1214)• Melrose Chronicle (1216)
– Scotia: south of Moray, but includes Galloway & Merse
'Where on earth is Scotia' cluster
• Holyrood chronicle (1150-1189)– Includes south of Forth
• Fordun re 1214 – William I returned from Moray to
Scotia
• De Situ Albanie (1202-1214): Scotia = – 1) mainland north of Forth/Clyde
(minus Caithness)– 2) That, minus Argyll & Lennox
• Melrose Chronicle (1216)– Scotia: south of Moray, but
includes Galloway & Merse
?
??
?
'Where on earth is Scotia?' cluster
?
David I cluster
• Who does he talk to in his charters?– 'men of Moray and
Scotia'– addressing
French, English, Scots, Galwegians, Flemings, Welsh of his kingdom
– the king's 'probi homines'
• Consider why they are called this; why they are 'his' men, >> questions of allegiance
Administration cluster
• 843 Cinaed mac Alpin• Edinburgh added c. 960• Strathclyde post 1018• Treaties:
– York 1237 (southern border)
– Perth 1266 (Western Isles, Man)
• Other administrative expansion:– Galloway 1235– Creation of sherrifdoms of
Lorn, Kintyre, Skye 1293• > territory-based definition
of 'Scotland' - standard 'central administration' view.
Kingship / Allegiance cluster
• David I charter: king's 'probi homines'
• Documentation from Great Cause or reign of Margaret: Communitas Regni– Authority explicitly derived from king– King as symbol of nation
• Bruce landholding in England pre-Wars of Independence > questions of allegiance
• 1314 Statute of Cambuskenneth limiting landholding to either Scotland or England
• Examine actions with regard to John, 1297:– Removing king– Removing symbols
of kingship– Removing symbols
of royal saints
• > attack on national identity as vested in king
Edward I cluster
• Examine:– Letters & charters– diplomatic missions– Stirling Castle defense
1304
• Focus on:– King
• not democracy or peasant rising or republic
– Communitas Regni• derive authority from,
and represent, the King
William Wallace and Communitas
Regni cluster
Origins cluster• Take the following:
– 1296 verse history of Scots– 1301 Bisset processus– 1309 Declaration of the Clergy– 1317 Letter of Irish Kings in support of Edward Bruce– 1320 Declaration of Arbroath
• Compare:– Account of Scottish origins– Account of Scottish travels– Connections with Irish– Treatment of King John
• Compare with findings of Scoti / Picti / fir nAlabain cluster
Origins cluster - findings
Irish connection King John
1296 - present 1296 - mentioned
1301 - stop-over 1301 - mentioned
1309 - omitted 1309 - called illegitimate
1317 - emphasized 1317 - [not relevant]
1320 - omitted 1320 - omitted
The 1320 situation• Concepts:
– Identity not linked to particular origin - accepted Scottish origin myth rewritten
– Sole allegiance relevant (Cambuskenneth)– Legitimate royal line written out of the
record <> until 1304, fight for legitimate king had been mainstay of motivation
– Kingship of present king 'conditional', not upon legitimacy of lineage but upon proper service and effectiveness
• Division of kingdom's identity and sovereignty' from the 'legitimate dynasty'. (Watson)
• Rhetoric, but not the type available to Guardians in 1290 or even 1297.
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