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Where to look - Pests!
• Insects•Nematodes•Weeds•Diseases•Rodents and other small mammals
Basic classification
• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species
• Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk
Starting at the beginning:
• 4 types of Phyla:• Arthropoda ( insects, spiders, mites, millipedes)• Aschelminthes (roundworms)• Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, flukes, tapeworms)• Mollusca (snails, slugs, clams)
• Arthropoda Phyla is divided into classes:• Crustacea (Crayfish, sowbugs)• Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites)• Insecta ( bugs, beetles, butterflies)
Classification cont.
• Insecta Class is divided into Orders:• Orthoptera (grasshoppers)• Homoptera (aphids)• Coleoptera (beetles)• Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies)• Diptera (flies)• Dermoptera (earwigs)• Hemiptera (true bugs)• Hymenoptera (ants, bees)
Rules to fall into Classes and Orders• Arachnida:• must have 2 body segments or parts• must have 4 pairs of legs• *some mites are major plant pests
• Insects:• all have three body regions: head, thorax, abdomen• 3 pairs of legs• 1 pair of antennae• 0 to 2 pairs of wings
Head Body Parts
• Antennae: segmented, vary in form.• Primarily the smell organ
• Mouthparts: • rasping-sucking• chewing-lapping• piercing-sucking• sponging• siphoning• chewing
Body Parts
• Thorax: made of 3 sections, each containing a pair of legs• legs are jointed• used for digging, feeling, swimming, and cleaning
• Wings - differ for each insect• serve as an identification tool• “-ptera” means with wings
Metamorphosis• Development of the body after birth• Gradual (or incomplete) - insect’s life cycle changes from
egg through the nymph to adult• nymph, similar to adult except for size and color• aphids, leafhoppers, mole crickets
• Complete - 4 life stages• egg, larvae, pupae, adult• larvae looks nothing like adult• pupae is a transformation stage• caterpillars-moths, grubs-beetles, maggots-flies
Beneficial Insects
• Not all insects are bad for agriculture• They help:• pollinate plants• improve soil• destroy harmful insects
Other types of pests
• Nematodes
• Weeds
Southern root-knot nematodes on pepper plant
roots.
This weed is leafy spurge.
Other types of pests
• Diseases
• Rodents and other animals
What is Entomology
• The branch of zoology that deals with the study of insects
Human Interaction
• There are only approximately 10,000 species of insects that are harmful to humans
• Deadly epidemics of the past have been caused by diseased organisms carried by insects
• Example• Bubonic Plague epidemic that wiped out the
population of Europe in the 14th century was carried by fleas that infested rodents
DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
• A chemical that was discovered by a German scientist named Othmar Zeidler in 1874
• Used to reduce the number of insects in a given area
• Example• Mosquitoes in the tropics
• Eventually banned due to the side affects to wildlife animals and plants• Silent Spring
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)• Cultural methods• Vary country to country
• Insect diseases and predators
• Pheromones
• Release of sterile males
• Insect resistant plant varieties
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