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Composting For easy manure handling,
less odor and water pollution and better soil quality for crop production
January 23, 2015, in Hanoi
By A. Koyama
The Technical Demonstration funded by MAFF Japan What is composting?
• Aerobic microbial decomposition of organic materials such as animal manure and crop residue
• After composting, animal manure becomes dry, blackish color and no odor.
• For composting, following 3 conditions are important. a) Proper water level b) Proper Nitrogen level c) Sufficient aeration
Why composting is necessary now?
animal number amount of manure
local natural capacity for absorbing the impact of animal manure
In the past - Scattered Now - Intensified
Why composting is necessary now?
• In Vietnam, number of animal per farm is increasing.
• Under medium and large number of animals, biogas system has a limitation.
• Simple flushing out to rivers and canals causes water pollution.
• Odor raises serious problems in sub-urban areas.
• Composted manure is much better for crop growth than raw manure.
How to make compost? – Water 1
• In general animal manure has too much water for composting.
• Separation of feces from urine by slope with ditches on the floor of animal pens is important to minimize water in feces.
• Proper water level for composting is 60-65%.
• Adding some agents such as saw dust and rice straw which absorbs excessive water is effective.
How to make compost? – Water 2
• After adjusting water level, grasp the material by hand tightly.
• When you open your hand, If the shape is kept, water level is still too high. If it is broken slightly, it is OK.
2
How to make compost? - Nitrogen
• In general animal manure has too much Nitrogen to Carbon.
• CN ratio of cow and pig manure are 16 and 11, respectively (C16:N1, C11:N1).
• Proper CN ratio for composting is 20-30.
• Mixing something of low C such as sawdust and rice straw is needed.
• CN ratio of sawdust and rice straw are 500 and 60 (C500:N1, C60:N1).
How to make compost? - Aeration
• Sufficient aeration cannot be expected in raw manure because manure is sticky and wet.
• If animal manure is kept in a plastic bag or bucket, it will not become compost because of insufficient aeration.
• Mixing something that enhances aeration such as rice straw is effective.
• Turning over during composting is also very effective for aeration.
How to make compost? – Normal way
1. Separate feces and urine as much as possible in animal pens.
2. Take out feces and mix with saw dust, rice straw, dry leaves etc for reducing water and N level and maximizing aeration.
3. Make a heap and prevent from raining.
4. Turn over every week or every 2 weeks.
5. It takes 1-2 months in summer and 2-3 months in winter for composting.
How to make compost? – Questions
1. Separate feces and urine as much as possible in animal pens.
How to handle urine and flushing water? 2. Take out feces and mix with saw dust, rice straw, dry leaves etc
for reducing water/N level and maximizing aeration.
How to take out feces? By hand or by machine? How to get agents such as saw dust? Their cost? 3. Make a heap and prevent rain water.
By hand or by machine? Is a heap necessary? 4. Turn over every week.
By hand or by machine? Is turning over necessary? 5. It takes 1-2 months in summer and 2-3 months in winter for
composting.
Is it possible to shorten the time for composting?
Demonstration – Calculation1
Recipe Cost Water ratio water N ratio N
C/N ratio C
kg VND % kg % kg kg
Raw pig manure 1000 76 760 0.6 6 11 66
Saw dust 80 104000 15 10 0.05 0.04 500 20
Rice straw 200 15 30 0.4 0.8 60 48
Rice bran 5 35000 15 0.75 2 0.1 12 1.2
Mixed 1285 62 800 6.94 19 135.2
Raw cow dung 1000 86 860 0.35 3.5 16 56
Saw dust 50 65000 15 10 0.05 0.025 500 12.5
Rice straw 250 15 37.5 0.4 1 60 60
Rice bran 5 35000 15 0.75 2 0.1 12 1.2
Mixed 1305 70 908 4.625 28 129.7
Demonstration – Calculation2
Recipe Cost Water ratio water N ratio N
C/N ratio C
kg VND % kg % kg kg
Raw pig manure 1000 76 760 0.6 6 11 66
Saw dust 80 104000 15 10 0.05 0.04 500 20
Rice straw 200 15 30 0.4 0.8 60 48
Rice bran 5 35000 15 0.75 2 0.1 12 1.2
Mixed 1285 62 800 6.94 19 135.2
Raw cow dung 1000 86 860 0.35 3.5 16 56
Saw dust 50 65000 15 10 0.05 0.025 500 12.5
Rice straw 250 15 37.5 0.4 1 60 60
Rice bran 5 35000 15 0.75 2 0.1 12 1.2
Mixed 1305 70 908 4.625 28 129.7
3
Demonstration – Calculation3
Recipe Cost Water ratio water N ratio N
C/N ratio C
kg VND % kg % kg kg
Raw pig manure 1000 76 760 0.6 6 11 66
Saw dust 80 104000 15 10 0.05 0.04 500 20
Rice straw 200 15 30 0.4 0.8 60 48
Rice bran 5 35000 15 0.75 2 0.1 12 1.2
Mixed 1285 62 800 6.94 19 135.2
Raw cow dung 1000 86 860 0.35 3.5 16 56
Saw dust 50 65000 15 10 0.05 0.025 500 12.5
Rice straw 250 15 37.5 0.4 1 60 60
Rice bran 5 35000 15 0.75 2 0.1 12 1.2
Mixed 1305 70 908 4.625 28 129.7
Demonstration A – Cow 1
•Put drain pipes for aeration. •Made layers with cow dung, rice straw, sawdust and rice bran. [sandwich]
Demonstration A – Cow 1
Sandwich system Manure=>Rice bran=>Saw dust=>Rice straw=> Manure...
Demonstration B – Cow 2
•Made layer with cow dung, rice straw, sawdust and rice bran [sandwich] •Put 2 drain pipes for aeration. •Put another perpendicular pipe in the middle of the heap
Demonstration B – Cow 2
Sandwich system Manure=>Rice bran=> Saw dust=>Rice straw=> Manure...
Demonstration C – Pig 1
Lift up 2 pipes for aeration after several days
Cover for preventing rain water.
•Made layer with pig manure, rice straw, sawdust and rice bran to make a heap.[sandwich] •Put 2 drain pipes for air circulation.
4
Demonstration C – Pig 1
Sandwich system Manure=>Rice bran=> Saw dust=>Rice straw=> Manure...
Demonstration D – Pig 2
•Mix pig manure with rice straw, sawdust and rice bran and put into sucks. •No turning over but the suck allows aeration. As heat is not kept, it takes time for composting. •No.1/No.2 were mixed, No.3/No.4 were mixed and drier than No.1/No.2 and No.5/No.6 were sandwich.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Demonstration D – Pig 2 Mixing system Mix manure with sawdust and rice bran. Mix rice straw and pack into a suck
1
Simple test for compost quality
Test method for compost quality
Komatsuna seed Brassica rapa var. perviridis
“Tanepita”
2. Root growth test
“Seed pack”
1. Germination test
3. Maturity testing kit
Color scale
Centrifuge
Spoon
Pen filler
Centrifuge tube Gloves
Reagent bottle 15cc x 10pcs
Storage box
“Dr.Compo”
Evaluation in 3 stages, in comparison with color scale
III : Amber and clear brown - Matured
II : Dark brown – Middle phase I : Black muddy - Initial maturation phase
4. Tracing temperature in compost
Temperature sensor Sensor probe Temperature sensor
Data logger
Compost thermometer “Taion-kun”
2
Procedure : Extraction
For Germination & Root growth test
i. Prepare extracted solution from compost
Compost 5g + Distilled water 50ml
↓ Stir for 30min by horizontal stirrer
Filter (Medical gauze, double folded)
↓
Get the solution
A 10ml for germination test
B 30ml for root growth test
Germination test
i. Prepare germination test sheet,
Sprinkle seeds on it
ii. Pour 10ml of extracted solution
to experimental plot and control
Control : Distilled water Test plot : Extracted solution
iv. Incubate for 2-3 days in 30℃ incubator.
Compost A
(Germination rate 38%)
Germination rate = Number of sprouts in experimental plot
/ number of sprouts in control
(Control = Distilled water)
Compost B
(Germination rate 100%)
How to evaluate
・Germination rate : 100%=5, 80-100% =4, 60-80% = 3,
less than 60% = 2, 0% = 1
TOTAL SCORE = Germination rate + Appearance
8~10 : Growth inhibition material in the
sample compost was not observed
< 7 : Suspected the influence of growth inhibition material
How to evaluate
・Appearance : Observed leaves, roots and rootlet =5
Observed leaves and roots =4
Observed either leaves or roots =3
Observed sprout bud =2 No buds = 1
3
Root growth test
iii. Pour extracted solution 30ml
i. Sprinkle the seeds on germination test sheet, ii. Cut the sheet as per below photo and place 2pcs of on the top of bag cut sheet.
Keep it in dark place with temperature 25-30℃ for about 4-5 days.
Compost B Compost A
Evaluation for root growth test
Photo: Cultured for 5 days at 30℃ in dark place
Measu
re the len
gth
<Correlation between germination rate and root growth observed>
Left : Germination rate 38% Right : Germination rate 100%
TEST RESULTS
4
Appearance
A B C D
Moncada 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month
Collected compost sample from 4 farms (A ~ D) and Moncada AI center (4 stages of maturity) Jan. 13, 14, 2015
Germination Root Maturity NH4-N
% Mark Appear. TOTAL
score
Cm
(2days)
By Dr.Compo
mg/L
Distilled water
100 5 4 9 ---
Moncada 4months
100 5 5 10 5.0 III + 0.25
Moncada 3.5
100 5 5 10 4.7 III +
Moncada 2 100 5 4+ 9 4.6 III
Moncada 1 100 5 4 9 4.4 II
A 90 5 3 8 4.2 I +
B 94 5 2 7 3.5 I 3.0~6.0
C 90 5 2 7 5.0 II
D 96 5 2 7 4.2 I
Test results : comparison chart, 1st week
Result of germination test, 1ST week
Incubated 2 days, 30℃
Control, distilled water
Total score, 9
Mature compost (Moncada) 4months
Total score, 10
Immature compost, Sample B
Total score, 7
Result of germination test, 1st week
5
Mature compost 4months
Root growth 5cm
Immature compost B
Root growth 3.5cm
Result of root growth test, 1st week
Incubated 2 days, 30℃
Immature compost, stage I
Sample B
Mature compost, stage III
4months 3months
Result of maturity test, 1st week
Rapid test for nutrient by citric acid extraction
Add 50ml of 2% citric acid to 1g of compost.
Stir by hand for 1 min.
Dilute with stilled water Before
dilution 10times dilution
★NH4-N
(1)Dilute for 10 times
(2)Take 3ml
(5) Compare with color chart (3) Add sodium
carbonate 10mg
(4) Up and down the test sheet in the solution for 30sec. Take it out and wait for 30sec.
Weigh 1g of compost
Method by Prof.Goto, Tokyo University of Agriculture
Matured compost 4 months
0.25mg/l
Immature compost B
3.0 – 6.0mg/l
Ammonia, detected from compost sample, 1st week
6
Germination Root NH4-N Temp. change
% Score Appear. TOTAL cm mg/L From Jan. 13, 14 to
Jan. 20
ambient 20-22℃
Control 100 5 4 9 3.0
A 10cm
30cm
92
90
5
5
4+
4
9+
9
3.0
2.0
17.4 26.0 10cm
39.1 30cm
B 10cm
30cm
94
92
5
5
4
4+
9
9+
3.0
3.5
0.5 17.7 37.2 10cm
41.3 30cm
C
92
92
5
5
4
3
9
8
2.5
1.5
14.5 32.8 10cm
41.0 30cm
D-1 96
94
5
5
4+
3
9+
8
2.5
2.0
17.6 33.2 10cm
38.5 30cm
D-2
94
90
5
5
4
3
9
8
2.5
3.0
18.5 34.0 10cm
32.8 30cm
Comparison chart, 2nd week
Compost B Sampling on Jan.14
Compost B, depth 10cm Sampling on Jan. 21
Compost B, depth 30cm Sampling on Jan. 21
Result of germination test, 2nd week
Incubated 2 days, 30℃
Result of maturity test, 2nd week
Approaching 2nd stage of maturity Result 1st week
Result 2nd week
Ammonia, detected from compost sample, 2nd week
Result 1st week
Result 2nd week 0.5mg/L
7
Temperature change in maturing process
← Cross section of compost pile before aeration
Changes in temperature during composting (Ambient temperature 18 – 25℃) From Agricultural structures 29-3 1998, Haga et al
2. Nutrient balance check after application to soil
Field soil testing kit “Dr.Soil”
Feature : Extraction at once for 9 parameters
NH4-N NO3-N P2O5 K2O
Uncultivated land 0.5 1 2.5 10
Soil, applied compost from beef cattle 20t/ha, after cultivation
10 3 7.5 40-50
Unit : mg/100g
Soil nutrient test result
Sample collected at Moncada AI Center
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