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What is AI?Intelligence: “ability to learn, understand
and think”.
AI is the study of how to make computers make things which at the moment people do better.
Examples: Speech recognition, Smell, Face, Object, Intuition, Inferencing, Learning new skills, Decision making, Abstract thinking.
Artificial Intelligence
What is AI?Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the
design of intelligence in an artificial device.The term was coined by McCarthy in 1956.Two ideas in the definition
Intelligence Artificial device
Artificial Intelligence
AI Features
Thinking humanly
Thinking rationally
Acting humanly
Acting rationally
Artificial Intelligence
Acting Humanly: The Turing TestAlan Turing (1912-1954)
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
(1950)
Human Interrogator
Human
AI System
Imitation Game
Artificial Intelligence
Turing TestTo pass the Turing Test a computer need to
possess the following capabilities:Natural language processingKnowledge representationAutomated reasoningMachine learningComputer visionrobotics
Artificial Intelligence
Thinking humanlyA given program thinks like a human
Through introspection Reporting on one’s inner thoughts
Through psychological experimentsComputer’s I/O and timing behaviors match
corresponding human behaviors
Artificial Intelligence
Acting RationallyRational agent approach.Agent: something that acts.Rational agent: one that acts so as to achieve the
best.Acting so as to achieve one’s goals, given one’s
beliefs. Does not necessarily involve thinking.Advantages:
More general than the “laws of thought” approach (Thinking Rationally).
More amenable to scientific development than human-based approaches.
Artificial Intelligence
The Foundations of AIPhilosophy (423 BC present):
Logic, methods of reasoning. Mind as a physical system. Foundations of learning, language, and rationality.Mathematics (c.800 present):
Formal representation and proof. Algorithms, computation, decidability, tractability. Probability.Psychology (1879 present):
Adaptation. Phenomena of perception and motor control. Experimental techniques.Linguistics (1957 present):
Knowledge representation. Grammar.
Artificial Intelligence
History of AIGestation of AI (1943-1955)Birth of AI (1956)Great Expectation (1952-1969)Dose of Reality (1966-1973)Knowledge-based systems (1969-1979)AI becomes an industry (1982-present)Return of Neural Networks (1986-present)AI becomes a science (1987-present)Emergence of intelligent agents (1995-present)
Artificial Intelligence
Task Domains of AI Mundane Tasks:
Perception Vision Speech
Natural Languages Understanding Generation Translation
Common sense reasoning Robot Control
Formal Tasks: Games : chess, checkers etc Mathematics: Geometry, Logic, Proving properties of programs
Expert Tasks: Engineering ( Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing planning) Scientific Analysis Medical Diagnosis Financial Analysis
Artificial Intelligence
AI Technique Intelligence requires KnowledgeKnowledge possesses less desirable properties such as:
Voluminous Hard to characterize accurately Constantly changing Differs from data that can be used
AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that should be represented in such a way that: Knowledge captures generalization It can be understood by people who must provide it It can be easily modified to correct errors. It can be used in variety of situations
Artificial Intelligence
Typical AI problemsCommon-place tasks
Recognizing people, objectsCommunicating (through natural language)Navigating around obstacles on the streets
Expert tasksMedical diagnosis Mathematical problem solving Playing games like chess
Artificial Intelligence
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