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What does theWhat does thefuture holdfuture holdfor Europe?for Europe?
•Unification?Unification?•Instability?Instability?
Europe’s Modern Transformation
Supranationalismand Devolution
Contradiction
Devolution- regions within a state demand political
strength and autonomy at the expense of the central government
Supranationalism three or more states combine for political,
cultural, or cultural cooperation
Devolution in Europe
Scotland Northern Ireland Wales Flemish/French Kaliningrad Polish in Belarus Basques Catalonia S. Tyrol Corsica Sardinia Yugoslavia
Early European Supranationalism
Outgrowth of the World War IIBeneluxMarshall Plan 1948-52
1948 Organization of European Economic Cooperation
1949 Council of Europe
European Supranationalism
Why would anyone want to give away international autonomy, one of the most sought after goals of the past century?
1944 1944 Benelux Benelux
AgreementAgreement
•NetherlandsNetherlands•BelgiumBelgium•LuxembourgLuxembourg
History of European Supranationlism
1947 – MARSHALL PLAN 1948 - Organization for European
Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 1949 - Council of Europe 1951 - ECSC 1957 - Treaty of Rome 1958 - EEC effective 1959 - EFTA signed 1965 - EEC-ESC-EURATOM 1973 - EEC
Primary function of the OEEC: To accept and
distribute funds allocated under
the Marshall Plan
13 Billion $ from U.S. to help 13 Billion $ from U.S. to help rebuild European countriesrebuild European countries
Marshall Plan 1948-52
European Iron and Steel Community-1951
France, Italy, Germany, and Benelux shared: ironscrapcoal finished goods
To maintain peace in Europe To present a united front against communism Out-of-date steel plants closed
Common Market - 1958
Objective - a single market in which the following flow freely: goods and services labormarketscapital
Founders determined that Europe would never go to war again
1973 European Community - 9 Nations
FranceGermanyItalyBeneluxUnited Kingdom IrelandDenmark
1979 European Parliament
410 directly elected representatives (MEPs)
Parliament meets in Strasbourg
New nations joined 1981 Greece 1986 Spain and Portugal 1990 E. Germany
15 Nations
1991 Maastricht Treaty
Set goals and 279 directives for 15 nations Social Compact Environment Research Agriculture Regional Development Banking Foreign Policy
Common Agricultural Policy
Huge subsidies to agriculture absorb 50% budget
Inadequate controls lead to corruptionSurpluses sold at a loss
European Monetary and Economic Union
Euro - a single European currency by Jan 1, 1999
By 2002 European notes and coinsComplements European market with its
free movement of:peoplegoods and servicescapital
Development Areas
Under the Structural Funds there are 3 Objectives:
Objective 1: promoting the development of regions whose development is lagging behind;
Objective 2: supporting the economic and social conversion of areas facing industrial decline
Objective 3: supporting the adaptation and modernisation of policies and systems of education, training and employment.
Special Problem Areas
Political AsylumNon EU Migrant workersTerroristsGuns, drugs, rabies, Fear of GermanyUnemployment
Development Areas
GNI per capita
What Does EU Mean to Citizens?
European citizenship and passportFreedom of movement to live, study, and
workCleaner air, water, and beachesBetter health and safety at workFunds programs for elderly, poor, and
disabled
Foreign Policy
Ideal - a common foreign policy Reality
Persian GulfBosnia Iraq
€ 2002 Euro Currency
2002 Euro replaces national currency in most EU nations
Denmark, Sweden, and UK opt out of Euro
2004 Historic Expansion
10 New nations join the European Union
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Poland, Czech Republic,
Slovakia Hungary, Slovenia, Malta,
Cyprus
Potential Members
Other Eastern European nations anxious to join to strengthen their weak economies to safeguard fragile democracies
Romania and Bulgaria joined in 2007
•EU MembersEU Members•Non-members Non-members •Prospective Prospective MembersMembers
European Supranationalism
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