Well-to-tank efficiencies and -factors compared CO2 · 0.75 91% 97%* Transport Compr. Steam...

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Well-to-tank efficiencies and -factors comparedCO2

Abbreviation and ExplanationsCI Compression-ignited or diesel engineCO2-Factor CO2 emitted per energy relative to OilCNG Compressed Natural GasFC Fuel CellNG Natural GasPP Power PlantSI Spark-ignited or gasoline engine*Compressed only to 11bar**Results from Shell Eco-marathon in Nogaro 2005 and Ladoux 2005, distance per gasoline equivalent

Different paths to convert a primary energy source to mechanical energy. Source: Dones R, Bauer C, Bolliger R, Burger B, Faist M, Frischknecht R, Heck T, Jungbluth N, Röder A (2004) Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. Final report ecoinvent 2000 no. 6., Paul Scherrer Institut

0.51108.7167.35385 FC Pac Car IIETH (CH), realistic

3.0331.8167.35385 FC Pac Car IIETH (CH), worst case

1.4650.556.11807 CI-engine SchluckspechtFH Offenburg (D)

1.0868.479.52560 SI-engine Univ. Paul Sabatier (F)

CO2 per km[g / km]

Well-to-wheel[km / MJ]

Tank-to-wheel [km / MJ]

Tank-to-wheel**[km / l]

Type of car

Oil

Gasoline data used: density 0.74kg/l, lower heating value 43.5 MJ/kg, CO2 emission per energy 74g CO2/ MJ

Hydrogen can be generated electrolyzing water using electricity from renewable energy sources or nuclear power plants. Then, hydrogen is almost CO2 neutral.

Well-to-tank calculations for renewable energy sources can’t be compared with the ones of fossil fuels.

Crude OilCI Engine

1

90%

100

90Ref

iner

y,

Tran

spor

t

Diesel

Oil

Crude OilSI Engine

1

86%

100

86Ref

iner

y,

Tran

spor

t

Gasoline

0

Solar EnergyFuel Cell

Natural GasFuel Cell

NG

NG

H2

0.75

91%

97%*Tr

ansp

ort

Com

pr.

74%

Stea

m

Ref

orm

ing

Compr. H265

100

91

67

CoalFuel Cell

1.3

Coal

Coal

Electricity

Electricity

H2

80%

94%

76%

97%*

100

80

28

26

20

19

Dig

ging

, Tr

ansp

ort

Elec

tric

G

rid

Elec

trol

ysis

Com

pr.

35%

Coa

l Pow

er

Plan

tCompr. H2

[joules]

[CO2 Factor]