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What you should learn in this section:What you should learn in this section:
The role that vets play in the pig industryThe role that vets play in the pig industryThe structure of the Aussie pig industryThe structure of the Aussie pig industryOverseas markets & how they impact usOverseas markets & how they impact usHow production efficiency and volume are How production efficiency and volume are measured in pig herds and what impacts on measured in pig herds and what impacts on thesetheseWhat it costs to produce pig meat & what What it costs to produce pig meat & what contributes to this costcontributes to this costDifferent methods of housing pigs and how Different methods of housing pigs and how they performthey perform
The role that vets play in the pig industryThe role that vets play in the pig industry
Fire engine calls & S4sFire engine calls & S4sSpecialist consultantsSpecialist consultantsRegulatoryRegulatory--AQUIS, BAAQUIS, BAPharmaceutical companiesPharmaceutical companiesIndustryIndustry--APL, Welfare, AAPVAPL, Welfare, AAPVResearchResearch-- pig & humanpig & humanPublic healthPublic health
What does the vet do on the pig farm?What does the vet do on the pig farm?
Herd profitability
Cost of production
(c/kg)Volume
(Kg meat)
Growing herd efficiency
Breeding herd efficiency
health nutrition management genetics environment
Role of the consultant vetRole of the consultant vet
Monitor performance & productivityMonitor performance & productivityconduct regular farm visits (monthlyconduct regular farm visits (monthly--66--monthly)monthly)Know how things should be (targets)Know how things should be (targets)Know how things areKnow how things areCompare performance to targetsCompare performance to targets
Manipulates the relationship between potential Manipulates the relationship between potential pathogens and farm / herd environment / pathogens and farm / herd environment / management /genetics /welfare / immunity / nutrition management /genetics /welfare / immunity / nutrition / reproduction to get the best possible result/ reproduction to get the best possible result
How do you monitor herd health?How do you monitor herd health?
Farm visitsFarm visitsAnalyse recordsAnalyse recordsClinical observationClinical observationAssess environment & managementAssess environment & managementNecropsiesNecropsiesInspections during processingInspections during processing
What is the end result? A herd health What is the end result? A herd health planplan
MedicationMedicationManagementManagementEnvironmentEnvironmentBiosecurityBiosecurity
The structure of the Aussie pig industryThe structure of the Aussie pig industry
2626thth in the world in the world 364Kt 364Kt CWtCWt vsvs China 41,600KtChina 41,600Kt
Average slaughter weight increasingAverage slaughter weight increasing55kg in 1980 … 74kg in 200155kg in 1980 … 74kg in 2001
Import mainly from Canada and DenmarkImport mainly from Canada and DenmarkExport to Japan, Singapore and NZExport to Japan, Singapore and NZWe eat 18.8kg pig meat per headWe eat 18.8kg pig meat per head
Ranked 23Ranked 23rdrd in the worldin the worldVs 77kg in DenmarkVs 77kg in Denmark
The Aussie pig industryThe Aussie pig industry
Number of pig producers is decreasingNumber of pig producers is decreasing
49,537 in ’60……2,914 in ’0149,537 in ’60……2,914 in ’01
Average herd size is increasing
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
020406080
100120140
Year
Average herd size
Average herd size is increasing (’79=16 sows…’99=101 sows)
Fate of Pig meat in Australia Fate of Pig meat in Australia 10/10/0410/10/04
Pig meat consumed in Australia.Pig meat consumed in Australia.Includes imported pork which makes up 60% of processed Includes imported pork which makes up 60% of processed
porkpork
Fresh porkFresh pork Processed porkProcessed pork(40%)(40%) (60%)(60%)
Butchers Supermarkets Butchers Supermarkets Ham Bacon OtherHam Bacon OtherPorkPork
(22%)(22%) (60%)(60%) (35%) (40%) (25%)(35%) (40%) (25%)
Other fresh (18%)Other fresh (18%)
Recent challenges for the Australian Recent challenges for the Australian industryindustry
Low pricesLow pricesHigh Aussie dollar hindering exportsHigh Aussie dollar hindering exportsPrice competition from importsPrice competition from imports
High feed prices (drought)High feed prices (drought)
Perfect Match?Perfect Match?Domestic salesDomestic sales
<75kg carcass wt, mixed gender, <15mm <75kg carcass wt, mixed gender, <15mm backfatbackfatJapanJapan
8080--95kg dressed wt, gilts/barrows95kg dressed wt, gilts/barrowsHong KongHong Kong
Mainly frozen, boned carcassesMainly frozen, boned carcassesIndiaIndia
Male carcasses (100kg)Male carcasses (100kg)TaiwanTaiwan
Testicles ($2.20/kg)Testicles ($2.20/kg)KoreaKorea
Mainly frozen, belliesMainly frozen, bellies
2 minute quiz2 minute quiz
How would you assess the health status How would you assess the health status of a herd during a farm visit?of a herd during a farm visit?
How production efficiency and volume How production efficiency and volume are measured in pig herds and what are measured in pig herds and what
impacts on theseimpacts on these
The production systemThe production system
Breeding Breeding -- about 1 weekabout 1 weekNatural +/Natural +/-- AIAI
Gestation Gestation -- about 16 weeksabout 16 weekscrates, penscrates, pens
Farrowing Farrowing -- 22--5 weeks5 weeksWeaner Weaner -- 22--10wks10wksGrower/finisher Grower/finisher -- 1010--25wks25wks
Keys to success:
Contain costs
Meet mating targets
Fill sheds
Sell at heavy weights
Use feed efficiently (no wastage)
Optimise health and genetics
Costs of ProductionCosts of Production
Average ($/kg LWT)
Feed 1.20Labour (paid) 0.18Other costs 0.21Total operating costs 1.59Capital costs 0.20Owners labour 0.21Total costs 2.00 = $200/pig
Range: $1.30 > $2.00/kglwt
Components of cost of production
010
203040
5060
7080
Health%
Herd%Shed%Feed%Labour%
Overhead%
% 20012002
Fixed cost of productionFixed cost of production
Average ($/kg LWT)Sow feed 0.24Labour (paid) 0.18Other costs 0.21Capital costs 0.20Owners labour 0.21Total fixed costs 1.04
(Total cost: ~ $2.00)
Production cost structureProduction cost structure
%Animal health 4
Power and Gas 1.9Feed 56
Labour 15Overheads 18
What determines prices?What determines prices?
SeasonalSeasonalImportsImportsExport demand (25% pork exported)Export demand (25% pork exported)
Profit is driven by the cost of feed
Breeding herd Growing herd
Kg meat sold/m2
floor spacePigs weaned per sow per year
Kg/pigNo. pigs/m2
floor spacePigs
weaned/litterLitters/sow/
yr
Physical herd performance
Physical performancePhysical performance--efficiency targets:efficiency targets:
Litters/sow/year: 2.2 Litters/sow/year: 2.2 Born alive per litter: 11Born alive per litter: 11Herd Herd livewtlivewt feed conversion efficiency:3feed conversion efficiency:3Growth rate:600g/dGrowth rate:600g/dDeaths (10% piglets, 2% weaners, 1% Deaths (10% piglets, 2% weaners, 1% growers)growers)
Physical performancePhysical performance--actualsactuals
Parameter Mean Range TargetFarrowing rate 80 61-90 >80% Total Born 11 10-13 >11.5 PBA 10 9.5-11.5 >10.5 Stillborn % 8 4.3-
11.6 <8%
Pigs weaned/litter
9 7.4-10.3 >9.5
Preweaning mortality%
13 6.2-31 <1.5
Pigs weaned /sow/yr
18.4 15-23.9 >20
Breeding herd
Physical performancePhysical performance
Breeding herd
Parameter Mean RangeWeaning age 21 14- 29 Litters per sow 2.14 1.8- 2.43 Weaning 1st Service 8 5- 10.2 Sow death rate % 9.6 1.5 -18 Culling rate % 62 26 - 88
Physical performance
Growing herd
Parameter Mean RangeWeaning age (d) 21 14- 29Growth rate (g/d) 590 454-713Mortality rate (%) 2.8 0.4-7.8Feed efficiency (kgfeed/kg LW gain)
2.44 2.05-2.84
Age at sale 163Weight at sale(LW)
94.6 47.5-119.2
Parameter Australian AVG European AVG
Sold/Sow/Year 17.4 22 Carcase Live Weight (KG) 96 110
Carcase Dressed (KG) 73 82.5 Days to market (days) 161 154 AVG daily gain (gm/day) 600 714
Feed usage (KG) 306 297 Herd feed conversion rate 4.17 3.6
Cost/Tonne ($) 254 254 Cost of production/kg 2.06 1.62 Sale price/kg ($) 2.40 2.4 Profit/sow ($) 400 1408 Return/sow place 10% 35%
2 minute quiz2 minute quiz
What are 3 major factors likely to What are 3 major factors likely to impact on the price a pig farmer impact on the price a pig farmer
receives for pig meat? receives for pig meat?
Housing typesHousing types
IndoorsIndoorsImproved feed efficiencyImproved feed efficiencyReduced labour costsReduced labour costs
OutdoorsOutdoorsLower capital costsLower capital costsMore welfareMore welfare--friendlyfriendly
InIn--between between bedded systems / bedded systems / ecosheltersecoshelters
Buildings:
Straw based “ecoshelter”
Conventional shed
Capital cost high
Operating cost low
Capital cost low
Operating cost high
Bedded systemsBedded systemsEspecially for progenyEspecially for progeny
Estimates 30% in AustraliaEstimates 30% in AustraliaSome breeding herdsSome breeding herds
Chiefly in response to welfareChiefly in response to welfare
Bedded systems (cont.)Bedded systems (cont.)
Cost one half/third of traditional shedsCost one half/third of traditional shedsNo internal penningNo internal penning
More welfareMore welfare--friendlyfriendlyHelps in the transition to multiHelps in the transition to multi--site, AIAO, site, AIAO, SplitSplit--sex feeding, phase feedingsex feeding, phase feedingOnOn--going costs higher (bedding + labour)going costs higher (bedding + labour)Higher intakes and 1Higher intakes and 1--2mm fatter2mm fatter
Systems of raising pigsSystems of raising pigs
Family farmsFamily farmsCorporationsCorporations
eg QAF!eg QAF!ContractingContracting
ContractingContracting
Shares production & financial risksShares production & financial risksContractor provides land, sheds, labourContractor provides land, sheds, labourCompany provides pigs, feed, transport, Company provides pigs, feed, transport, medication, technical advice, assists in medication, technical advice, assists in permits etcpermits etcAllows for expansion with minimal capitalAllows for expansion with minimal capitalStable income for farmer (returns are not Stable income for farmer (returns are not marketmarket--driven)driven)
Two minute quiz.Two minute quiz.
What 3 areas would you look at if volume What 3 areas would you look at if volume (kg pig meat sold/m(kg pig meat sold/m22 floor space) were floor space) were
limiting?limiting?
What you should have learnt in What you should have learnt in this lecturethis lecture
The role that vets play in the pig industryThe role that vets play in the pig industryThe structure of the Aussie pig industryThe structure of the Aussie pig industryOverseas markets & how they impact usOverseas markets & how they impact usHow production efficiency and volume are How production efficiency and volume are measured in pig herds and what impacts on measured in pig herds and what impacts on thesetheseWhat it costs to produce pig meat & what What it costs to produce pig meat & what contributes to this costcontributes to this costDifferent methods of housing pigs and how Different methods of housing pigs and how they performthey perform
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