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Welcome to Anatomy & Physiology II
• Who am I?– Greg Erianne, Ph.D.
– Office Hours; By appointment in summer*
– Office Location: Rm. SH 205
– E-mail: gerianne@ccm.edu
– Tel; 973-328-5377 (voice mail)
PLEASE BE SURE TO INITIAL THE SIGN-IN SHEET IN THE BACK OF THE CLASSROOOM - EACH TIME YOU COME TO CLASS
Emergency Evacuation Procedures• Emergency evacuation may be required when there is an actual or potential danger to
the occupants of any building as a result of fire or other emergency situation. When
a fire alarm is sounded, all occupants must leave the building(s) via the nearest
exit and proceed immediately to the designated staging area and remain 50 feet
from any building. Fire Marshals will direct the evacuation. All walkways and
roads must remain clear for emergency vehicles. Take all belongings with you.
You will remain there until the all clear is sounded, or a Fire Marshal directs you to a
remote staging area. Evacuation of physically disabled individuals will be assisted or
coordinated by the faculty at the site. DO NOT USE ELEVATORS DURING
THE EVACUATION PROCESS. The evacuation staging area for this classroom
or laboratory is:
• DH First Floor (lecture);
– Primary: Rear exit to lot 1 50 ft past walkway
– Secondary: Parking lot 1
• SH Second Floor (lab);
– Primary: Lawn above HH stairs
– Secondary: Parking lot 5
3
Overview of Lecture 1
• Course and Publisher Web sites
• Course Description/Textbook/Lab Book
• Course Objectives and Syllabus Review
• Blueprint for success/Study strategy
• Overview of blood
• Blood volume and composition
• Formed elements of blood
• Blood plasma
• Hemostasis
• Blood groups and transfusions
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Course Web Sites• Our Web sites for this class are located at:
– http://www.gserianne.com/science/GerianneBio102Su/ (Main)• Announcements (VERY IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT FREQUENTLY!)
• Syllabus and all lecture schedules
• Lecture slides used in class (ppt and pdf formats)
• Supplementary online materials for Lecture (and Lab – check with your instructor)
• Lecture Exam Study Guides
• Links to many other sites including Pearson’sWeb site
– http://courses.ccm.edu (Blackboard Learn; Secondary)• You will need your student ID and password for the Blackboard (BB) site
• This BB site will be used ONLY grades and grade-related things
– http://masteringaandp.com (from Pearson Science)• You will need the course ID and have to register if you haven’t been to this site
before (Course ID: Lec, MAPERIANNE12222; Lab, MAPERIANNE01692)
• Lots of resources to use for A&P II – take advantage of it!
– Printing slides and other materials (see email I sent)
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Outline of Course/Requirements
• Course Description
– Lecture / discussion format
• Lectures may not follow the order
of Marieb’s Human Anatomy &
Physiology, 10th edition – please
check your syllabus!
– Figures used for class
– Laboratory
• Marieb’s Laboratory Manual, 12th
edition
• Reading assignments for lab should
be done BEFORE you come to lab
8
Blueprint for Success
• Most importantly…
– Skim your textbook BEFORE lecture and make notes
– Take notes in your own words and become mentally involvedduring lecture; review/rewrite your notes after lecture
– Ask questions if you don’t understand
– Continually review previously learned material
– Use all the study aids available to you
– ***Before taking the exam, you should be able to take a BLANK study guide and answer all the questions WITHOUT YOUR NOTES!!!!
• **See the Suggested Study Method on Web at the gserianne.com Web site – Please review this!!!
• **Be sure to print slides/materials if you want them for class/lab – make a schedule for yourself – don’t get behind!
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Major objectives of this course
• In general, you will…
– Master the objectives listed in the syllabus
– Develop a further mastery of scientific/biomedical
terminology
– Further develop your ability to think logically and
critically
• Let’s review the syllabus and handouts…
Grading for A&P IILecture
(3 lecture exams + Final Exam)
**If Final Exam grade is higher than your
lowest lecture exam grade, it will replace
that lowest exam grade
Lecture Exam 1 16.67%
Lecture Exam 2 16.67%
Lecture Exam 3 16.67%
Final Exam 25.00%
TOTAL 75.00%
Lab
Lab Exam 1 11.25%
Lab Exam 2 11.25%
Attend/Lab Reports 2.50%
TOTAL 25.00%
Letter
Grade
Numerical
Average
GPA
Quality Points
A 93.0 – 100.0 4.00
A- 90.0 – 92.9 3.67
B+ 87.0 – 89.9 3.33
B 83.0 – 86.9 3.00
B- 80.0 – 82.9 2.67
C+ 77.0 – 79.9 2.33
C 70.0 – 76.9 2.00
D 60.0 – 69.9 1.00
F < 59.9 0.00
Texting in Class…
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Dear Students…
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Chapter 17
Blood
Lecture 1
Marieb’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Marieb w Hoehn
13
Overview of Blood – (Hem(o)-)
Functions
• transports vital
substances (O2, waste)
• maintains stability of
interstitial fluid
• distributes heat
• hemostasis
• prevents infection
Blood Cells (formed elements)
• form in red bone marrow
• red blood cells
• white blood cells
• platelets (cell fragments)
Blood is what type of tissue? Connective tissue.
Plasma (liquid portion - matrix)
• contains dissolved substances
• mostly water and proteins
• amount of blood varies with
• body size
• changes in fluid volume
• changes in electrolyte concentration
• amount of adipose tissue
• about 7-8% of body weight
• About 5.0 liters of blood in adult
14
Blood Composition
Hematocrit (HCT) –
Percentage of red cells in
blood by volume. Also called
Packed Cell Volume (PCV).
Usually about 45%
Figure from: Saladin,
Anatomy & Physiology,
McGraw Hill, 2007
What would happen to the
hematocrit if someone was
dehyrated and lost plasma
volume?
5
15
Formed Elements of the Blood
45% of blood
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
16
Origin of Blood Cells
All formed elements of blood
arise from a common
hematopoietic pluripotent
stem cell (a hemocytoblast) in
the red bone marrow
Figure from: Hole’s
Human A&P, 12th
edition, 2010
17
Red Blood Cells
• erythrocytes
• biconcave (↑ surface area)
• one-third hemoglobin (~
280 million Hb molecules per
RBC)
• oxyhemoglobin
• deoxyhemoglobin
• can readily squeeze
through capillaries
• lack nuclei and
mitochondria
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
6
18
Hemoglobin
Figure From:
Martini, Anatomy
& Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
General structure:
- Four polypeptides chains
- A porphyrin
- An iron atomHeme
19
Red Blood Cell Count
• number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood.
(1 mm3 = 1 microliter, µl)
• 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males
• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females
• 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children
• Number of RBCs reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
Average is about 5 x 106 RBCs / µl
20
Red Blood Cell Production
• low blood oxygen causes
kidneys and liver to
release erythropoietin
which stimulates RBC
production (up to 30
million per second under
maximum EPO
stimulation!)
• Erythropoiesis
• vitamin B12, folic acid
and iron necessary for
RBC productionFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
7
21
Blood Viscosity and Osmolarity
• Viscosity (thickness)
– Resistance to flow of blood
– Whole blood is about 5x as viscous as water
– Changes in viscosity can put strain on the heart
– Erythrocytosis (polycythemia) viscosity
• Osmolarity
– Due to NUMBER of ‘particles’ dissolved, not the type
– Na+, proteins, erythrocytes
– Osmolarity determines fluid flow between blood and tissues
22
Red Blood Cell Turnover
Figure From: Martini,
Anatomy & Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
The average life
span of an RBC
is about 120
days (4 months)
Iron is carried
in the blood by
transferrin to
red bone
marrow, liver
Porphyrin
from worn out
RBCs is
converted into
biliverdin and
bilirubin
23
Types of Anemia
• aplastic anemia• bone marrow damaged
• toxic chemicals
• radiation
• hemolytic anemia• RBCs destroyed
• toxic chemicals
• iron deficiency anemia• hemoglobin deficient
• lack of iron
• pernicious anemia• excess of immature RBCs
• inability to absorb B12
• sickle cell anemia• abnormal shape of RBCs
• defective gene (-chain)
• thalassemia• hemoglobin deficient
• RBCs short-lived
• defective gene ( or -chain)
Anemia – deficiency of RBCs or Hb in RBCs;
reduces O2-carrying capacity of blood
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White Blood Cells
• leukocytes
• protect against disease
• interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate
development in red bone marrow
• granulocytes
• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils
• agranulocytes
• lymphocytes
• monocytes
‘phils’ are filled
with granules!
25
Neutrophils
• light blue granules in acid-base
stain
• lobed nucleus
• other names
• segs
• polymorphonuclear
leukocyte (PMNs)
• bands (young neutrophils)
• first to arrive at infections
• phagocytic
• *55% - 65% of leukocytes (most
numerous type of WBC)
• elevated in bacterial infections
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
26
Basophils
• deep blue granules from
basic stain
• release histamine and
heparin in allergic
reactions (similar to mast
cells)
• less than 1% of
leukocytes
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
9
27
Eosinophils
• deep red granules in acid
stain
• bilobed nucleus
• participate in allergic
reactions
• defend against parasitic
worm infestations
• 1% - 3% of leukocytes
• elevated in worm
infestations and allergic
reactions, collagen diseases,
diseases of spleen
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
28
Monocytes
• largest blood cell
• agranulocyte
• kidney-shaped or oval
nuclei
• leave bloodstream to
become macrophages
• 3% - 9% of leukocytes
• elevated in typhoid fever,
malaria, tuberculosis, viral
infections, inflammation
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
29
Lymphocytes
• about the size of RBC
• agranulocytic
• large spherical nuclei
• thin rims of cytoplasm
• T cells
• B cells
• NK cells
• important in immunity
• produce antibodies
• 25% - 33% of
leukocytes
• decreased T Cells in
AIDS
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
10
30
Diapedesis
• Diapedesis - leukocytes squeeze through
capillary walls to enter tissue space outside the
blood vessel
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
31
White Blood Cell Counts
• number of WBCs per mm3 of blood
• 5,000 – 10,000 per mm3 (or μl) of blood
• leukopenia (-penia = deficiency of cell number)
• low WBC count
• typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS
• leukocytosis (-cytosis = increase in cell number)
• high WBC count
• acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids
• differential WBC count
• lists percentages of types of leukocytes
• may change in particular diseases
32
Origin of Blood Cells
All formed elements of blood
arise from a common
hematopoietic pluripotent
stem cell (a hemocytoblast) in
the red bone marrow
Figure from: Hole’s
Human A&P, 12th
edition, 2010
11
33
Blood Platelets
• called thrombocytes when nucleated (in birds)
• cell fragments of megakaryocytes
• membrane bound
• 150,000 – 500,000 per mm3 of blood (average ≈
350,000 per µl)
• help control blood loss from broken vessels
34
Blood Plasma
• straw colored
• liquid portion of blood
• 55% of blood
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
35
Plasma Proteins
Albumins
• most numerous plasma
proteins (~55%)
• ‘transport’ proteins
• originate in liver
• help maintain osmotic
pressure of blood
Fibrinogen
• originates in liver
• plays key role in
blood coagulation
Alpha and Beta Globulins
• originate in liver
• transport lipids, metal
ions, and fat-soluble
vitamins
Gamma Globulins
• originate in lymphatic
tissues (plasma cells)
• constitute the
antibodies of immunity
12
36
Gases and Nutrients
Gases
• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• nitrogen
Nutrients
• amino acids
• simple sugars
• nucleotides
• lipids
• lipoproteins
37
Non-protein Nitrogenous (NPN) Substances
• molecules containing nitrogen that are not proteins
• urea – product of protein catabolism; about 50% of
NPN substances ( BUN – blood urea nitrogen; one
indicator of kidney function)
• uric acid – product of nucleic acid catabolism
• amino acids – product of protein catabolism
• creatine – stores phosphate groups (energy)
• creatinine – product of creatine metabolism
38
Plasma Electrolytes
• sodium
• potassium
• calcium
• magnesium
• chloride
• bicarbonate
• phosphate
• sulfate
13
39
Hemostasis
• cessation of bleeding
Blood Vessel Spasm
• triggered by pain
receptors,
platelet/endothelial
cell release of
various substances
• smooth muscle in
vessel contracts
(vascular spasm)
Platelet Plug
Formation
• triggered by
exposure of
platelets to
collagen
• platelets
adhere to
rough surface
to form a plug
Blood Coagulation
• triggered by
platelets,
cellular damage
and blood
contact with
foreign surfaces
• blood clot
forms
1. Vascular phase 3. Coagulation phase2. Platelet phase
Hemostasis
40
Platelet Plug Formation
Substances released
by platelets:
- ADP (platelet
activator)
- thromboxane A2
and serotonin (vessel
constriction)
- clotting factors
- Ca2+ (aids in
coagulation)
- PDGF
Example of
positive
feedback
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
41
Blood Coagulation
Three cascades:
1. Instrinsic
2. Extrinsic
3. Common
Figure from:
Martini, Anatomy
& Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
Coagulation is an
example of
positive feedback~ 15 sec.~ 3-6 min.
*
14
42
Blood Coagulation
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism (shorter, faster)
• chemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation
• triggered by tissue factor (III) or thromboplastin (not
found in blood, thus it’s extrinsic and produced by
damaged tissue)
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism (longer, slower)
• chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation
• activators are in direct contact with blood or contained
within the blood
triggered by Hageman factor (XII; found inside blood)
• triggered when blood contacts a ‘foreign’ surface, e.g.,
collagen fibers, glass tube
Both pathways are activated after blood vessel damage
43
Blood Clots
• After forming, blood clot retracts (~60%) and pulls the
edges of a broken vessel together
• Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells
and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels
• Thrombus – blood clot (in undamaged vessel)
• Embolus – blood clot moving through blood
Serum is the fluid expressed from a clot, i.e.,
the plasma minus clotting factors
44
Factors Preventing Coagulation
• The smooth lining (endothelium) of blood vessels
discourages the accumulation of platelets
• As a clot forms, fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents
the reaction from spreading
• Antithrombin (in plasma) interferes with the action of
excess thrombin (activated by heparin)
*
• Plasmin digests blood clots (generated from plasminogen
via the action of a plasma enzyme, kallikrein, and tPA)
• Prostacyclin released by endothelial cells (aspirin)
• Some cells secrete heparin (an anticoagulant)
15
45
Review
Major Blood Cell
Type
red blood cell white blood cell platelet
Scientific Name erythrocyte leukocyte thrombocyte
Circulating
Concentration/
mm3 blood
4-6 million/
mm3 blood
5-10,000/
mm3 blood
150,000-500,000/
mm3 blood
General Function transportation of
oxygen
fight infection blood clotting
Key Characteristic Biconcave disks,
lack nucleus and
mitochondria,
contain Hb,
erythropoietin
Granulocytes and
agranulocytes,
some are
phagocytic
Fragments of giant
megakaryocyte
46
Review
Specific WBC Function/
Event of Increase?
Differential % Morphological feature
Neutrophil general phagocytosis;
acute bacterial infections
54%-62% Light purple granules,
multilobed nucleus
Lymphocyte produce antibodies/immunity;
viral infections, tissue rejection,
tumors, TB, whooping cough
25%-33% Slightly larger than
RBCs, large nucleus with
thin rim of cytoplasm
Monocyte phagocytosis of large particles;
typhoid, malaria, mononucleosis
3%-9% Large, kidney-shaped or
oval nucleus
Eosinophil kills parasites; involved in
inflammation and allergic
reactions
1%-3% Dark red granules,
bilobed nucleus
Basophil Inflammatory reactions: releases
heparin (natural anticoagulant)
and histamine (inflammation)
less than 1% Deep blue granules,
bilobed nucleus usually
obscured by granules
To remember relative % of leukocytes from most to least numerous: “Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”
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