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Properties of Ionic Crystals
high melting points & boiling points solid at room temperature
transparent to visible light electrical insulators hard & brittle
soluble in water & other polar solvents melt to form ionic liquids (useful in electrolytic extraction of metals)
where to search for ionicity???
1.00794-259.34-252.870.08992.2013.5981s1
Hydrogen
6.941180.513420.5340.985.392[He]2s1
Lithium
9.012182128724711.84771.579.322[He]2s2
Beryllium
22.98976897.728830.970.935.139[Ne]3s1
Sodium
24.305065010901.741.317.646[Ne]3s2
Magnesium
39.098363.387590.860.824.341[Ar]4s1
Potassium
88.90585152633364.4691.226.38[Kr]4d15s2
Yttrium
87.6277713822.60.955.695[Kr]5s2
Strontium
85.467839.316881.5320.824.177[Kr]5s1
Rubidium
138.905592034556.1461.105.577[Xe]5d16s2
Lanthanum
178.492233460313.311.37.0[Xe]4f145d26s2
Hafnium
180.94793017545816.61.57.89[Xe]4f145d36s2
Tantalum
183.843422555519.352.367.98[Xe]4f145d46s2
Tungsten
186.2073186559620.51.97.88[Xe]4f145d56s2
Rhenium
190.233033501222.612.28.7[Xe]4f145d66s2
Osmium
192.222446442822.652.209.1[Xe]4f145d76s2
Iridium
195.081768.4382521.452.289.0[Xe]4f145d96s1
Platinum
196.966541064.18285619.312.549.225[Xe]4f145d106s1
Gold
200.59-38.83356.7313.5462.0010.437[Xe]4f145d106s2
Mercury
204.3833304147311.852.046.108[Xe]4f145d106s2p1
Thallium
207.2327.46174911.342.337.416[Xe]4f145d106s2p2
Lead
208.98037271.4015649.782.027.289[Xe]4f145d106s2p3
Bismuth
(208.9824)2549629.1962.08.42[Xe]4f145d106s2p4
Polonium
(209.9871)302337-2.2-[Xe]4f145d106s2p5
Astatine
(222.0176)-71-61.79.73-10.748[Xe]4f145d106s2p6
Radon
137.32772718973.5940.895.212[Xe]6s2
Barium
132.9054328.446711.8790.793.894[Xe]6s1
Cesium
(226.0254)700<11405.80.95.279[Rn]7s2
Radium
(227.0278)1051319810.071.16.9[Rn]6d17s2
Actinium
140.11579934246.7701.125.466[Xe]4f15d16s2
Cerium
140.9076593135106.7731.135.422[Xe]4f36s2
Praseodymium
144.24101630667.001.145.489[Xe]4f46s2
Neodymium
(144.9127)104230007.2541.135.554[Xe]4f56s2
Promethium
150.36107217907.5361.175.631[Xe]4f56s2
Samarium
151.96582215965.2441.25.666[Xe]4f76s2
Europium
157.25131432647.9011.206.141[Xe]4f75d16s2
Gadolinium
158.92534135932218.2301.25.842[Xe]4f96s2
Terbium
162.50141125618.5511.225.927[Xe]4f106s2
Dysprosium
164.93032147226948.801.236.018[Xe]4f116s2
Holmium
167.26152928629.0661.246.101[Xe]4f126s2
Erbium
168.93421154519469.3211.256.18436[Xe]4f136s2
Thulium
173.0482411946.9661.16.25394[Xe]4f146s2
Ytterbium
174.967166333939.841.275.42589[Xe]4f145d16s2
Lutetium
232.03811750478811.721.36.08[Rn]6d27s2
Thorium
231.035881572-15.371.55.89[Rn]5f26d17s2
Protactinium
238.02891135413119.05+0.021.386.05[Rn]5f36d17s2
Uranium
(237.0482)644-20.451.366.19[Rn]5f46d17s2
Neptunium
(244.0642)640322819.8161.285.8[Rn]5f67s2
Plutonium
(243.0614)1176250713.671.35.993[Rn]5f77s2
Americium
(247.0703)1345-13.511.36.02[Rn]5f76d17s2
Curium
(247.0703)1050-14.781.36.23[Rn]5f97s2
Berkelium
(251.0796)900--1.36.30[Rn]5f107s2
Californium
(252.083)860--1.36.42[Rn]5f117s2
Einsteinium
(257.0951)1527--1.36.50[Rn]5f127s2
Fermium
(258.10)827--1.36.58[Rn]5f137s2
Mendelevium
(259.1009)827--1.36.65[Rn]5f147s2
Nobelium
(252.11)1627----[Rn]5f146d17s2
Lawrencium
(261)-----[Rn]5f146d27s2
Rutherfordium**
(262)-----[Rn]5f146d37s2
Dubnium**
(263)-----[Rn]5f146d47s2
Seaborgium**
(262)-----[Rn]5f146d57s2
Bohrium**
(265)-----[Rn]5f146d57s2
Hassium**
(266)-----[Rn]5f146d77s2
Meitnerium**
(272)-----[Rn]5f146d107s1
Unununium
(277)-----[Rn]5f146d107s2
Ununbium
(285)-----[Rn]5f146d107s27p2
Ununquadium
(289)-----[Rn]5f146d107s27p4
Ununhexium
(293)-----[Rn]5f146d107s27p6
Ununoctium
-----
Ununpentium
-----
Ununseptium
-----
Ununtrium
(223.0197)27677-0.7-[Rn]7s1
Francium
40.07884214841.541.006.113[Ar]4s2
Calcium
44.955910154128302.9891.366.54[Ar]3d14s2
Scandium
47.8816 832874.51.546.82[Ar]3d24s2
Titanium
91.224185544096.491.336.84[Kr]4d25s2
Zirconium
92.90638247747448.571.66.9[Kr]4d45s1
Niobium
50.9415191034075.961.636.74[Ar]3d34s2
Vanadium
95.942623463910.22.167.099[Kr]4d55s1
Molybdenum
51.9961190726717.201.666.766[Ar]3d54s1
Chromium
54.93805124620617.471.557.435[Ar]3d54s2
Manganese
55.847153828617.861.837.870[Ar]3d64s2
Iron
58.93320149529278.921.887.86[Ar]3d74s2
Cobalt
58.6934145529138.901.917.635[Ar]3d84s2
Nickel
63.5461084.6225628.941.907.726[Ar]3d104s1
Copper
65.39419.539077.1425%
1.659.394[Ar]3d104s2
Zinc
69.72329.7622046.0951.815.999[Ar]3d104s2p1
Gallium
10.811207540002.312.048.298[He]2s2p1
Boron
12.0114492TP
3825SP
2.252.5511.260[He]2s2p2
Carbon
72.61938.2528335.352.017.899[Ar]3d104s2p2
Germanium
74.92159817TP
614SP
5.72725oC
2.189.81[Ar]3d104s2p3
Arsenic
78.962216854.812.559.752[Ar]3d104s2p4
Selenium
79.904-7.258.63.1192.9611.814[Ar]3d104s2p3
Bromine
83.80-157.36-153.223.74-13.999[Ar]3d104s2p5
Krypton
107.8582961.78216210.51.937.576[Kr]4d105s1
Silver
112.411321.077678.6421.698.993[Kr]4d105s2
Cadmium
114.818156.6020727.301.785.786[Kr]4d105s2p1
Indium
118.710231.9326027.281.967.344[Kr]4d105s2p2
Tin
121.757630.6315876.68425oC
2.058.641[Kr]4d105s2p3
Antimony
127.60449.519886.252.19.009[Kr]4d105s2p4
Tellurium
126.90447113.7184.44.932.6610.451[Kr]4d105s2p5
Iodine
131.29-111.75-108.045.89-12.130[Kr]4d105s2p6
Xenon
106.421554.9296312.022.208.34[Kr]4d10
Palladium
101.072334415012.32.27.37[Kr]4d75s1
Ruthenium
102.905501964369512.42.287.46[Kr]4d85s1
Rhodium
(97.9072)2157426511.51.97.28[Kr]4d55s2
Technetium
1
H1
3
Li1
11
Na1
19
K1
37
Rb1
55
Cs1
56
Ba2
57
La3
72
Hf4
73
Ta5
58
Ce3,4
59
Pr3,4
60
Nd3
61
Pm3
62
Sm2,3
63
Eu2,3
64
Gd3
65
Tb3,4
66
Dy3
67
Ho3
68
Er3
69
Tm2,3
70
Yb2,3
71
Lu3
103
Lr3
102
No2,3
101
Md2,3
100
Fm3
99
Es3
98
Cf3
97
Bk3,4
96
Cm3
95
Am3,4,5,6
94
Pu3,4,5,6
93
Np3,4,5,6
92
U3,4,5,6
91
Pa4,5
90
Th4
74
W2,3,4,5,6
75
Re-1,2,4,6,7
76
Os2,3,4,6,8
77
Ir2,3,4,6
78
Pt2,4
79
Au1,3
80
Hg1,2
81
Tl1,3
82
Pb2,4
83
Bi3,5
84
Po2,4
86
Rn118
Uuo-
117
Uus-
116
Uuh-
115
Uup-
114
Uuq-
113
Uut-
112
Uub-
111
Uuu-
109
Mt-
108
Hs-
107
Bh-
106
Sg-
105
Db-
104
Rf4
89
Ac3
88
Ra2
87
Fr1
(269)-----[Rn]5f146d97s1
Ununnilium
110
Uun-
38
Sr2
39
Y3
40
Zr4
41
Nb3,5
42
Mo2,3,4,5,6
43
Tc7
44
Ru2,3,4,6,8
45
Rh2,3,4
46
Pd2,4
47
Ag1
48
Cd2
49
In3
50
Sn2,4
51
Sb52
Te-2,4,6
53
I1,5,7
54
Xe
20
Ca2
21
Sc3
22
Ti3,4
23
V2,3,4,5
24
Cr2,3,6
25
Mn2,3,4,6,7
26
Fe2,3
27
Co2,3
28
Ni2,3
29
Cu1,2
30
Zn2
31
Ga3
5
B3
26.981539660.3225192.7021.615.986[Ne]3s2p1
Aluminum
13
Al3
28.0855141432652.331.908.151[Ne]3s2p2
Silicon
14
Si4
39.948-189.35-185.851.784-15.759[Ne]3s2p6
Argon
18
Ar
15.9994-218.79-182.951.4293.4413.618[He]2s2p4
Oxygen
8
O-2
18.9984032-219.62-188.121.693.9617.422[He]2s2p5
Fluorine
9
F-1
20.1797-248.59-246.080.9002-21.564[He]2s2p6
Neon
10
Ne
4,002602-272.226 atm
-268.930.1785-24.5871s2
Helium
2
He
32
Ge4
34
Se-2,4,6
36
Kr33
As3,5-
3,5-
6
C2, 4-
14.00674-210.00-195.791.250463.0414.534[He]2s2p3
Nitrogen
7
N2, 3,4,5-
30.97376244.152771.822.1910.486[Ne]3s2p3
Phosphorus
15
P 3,4,5-
32.066115.21444.602.072.5810.360[Ne]3s2p4
Sulfur
16
S 2,4,6-
35.4527-101.5-34.043.2143.1612.967[Ne]3s2p5
Chlorine
17
Cl 1,3,5,7-
85
At 1,3,5,7-
35
Br1,5-
-
12
Mg2
4
Be2
**
*
*
**
2IIAIIA
3IIIAIIIB
4IVAIVB
5VAVB
6VIAVIB
7VIIAVIIB
8VIIIAVIII
9VIIIAVIII
10VIIIAVIII
11IBIB
12IIBIIB
13IIIBIIIA
14IVBIVA
15VBVA
16VIBVIA
17VIIBVIIA
18VIII
0
1IAIA
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
11AH+
Li+
Na+
K+
Rb+
Cs+ Ba2+
Sr2+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Be2+
Al3+
Ga3+
In3+
Tl+
Tl3+ Pb4+
Pb2+
Sn4+
Sn2+
N3- O2-
S2-
Se2-
Te2- I-
Br-
Cl-
F-
H-
Hydride
Nitride Oxide
Sulfide
Selenide
Telluride Iodide
Bromide
Chloride
Fluoride
22A
133A
144A
155A
166A
177A
188A
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Max Born - BiographyMax Born - Biography
Max Born was born in Breslau on the 11th December, 1882, toProfessor Gustav Born, anatomist and embryologist, and his wifeMargarete, nee Kauffmann, who was a member of a Silesian familyof industrialists.
Max attended the Konig Wilhelm's Gymnasium in Breslau andcontinued his studies at the Universities of Breslau (where thewell-known mathematician Rosanes introduced him to matrixcalculus), Heidelber, Zurich (here he was deeply impressed byHurwitz's lectures on higher analysis), and Gottingen. In the latterseat of learning he read mathematics chiefly, sitting under Klein,Hilbert, Minkowski, and Runge, but also studied astronomy underSchwarzschild, and physics under Voigt. He was awarded the Prizeof the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Gottingen for hiswork on the stability of elastic wires and tapes in 1906, and graduatedat this university
`
..
..
..
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Fritz Haber - BiographyFritz Haber - Biography
Fritz Haber was born on December 9, 1868 in Breslau, Germany,in one of the oldest families of the town, as the son of SiegfriedHaber, a merchant. He went to school at the St. Elizabeth classicalschool at Breslau and he did, even while he was at school, manychemical experiments.
From 1886 until 1891 he studied chemistry at the University of Heidelberg under Bunsen, at the University of Berlin under A.W.Hoffmann, and at the Technical School at Charlottenberg underLiebermann. After completing his University studies he voluntarilyworked for a time in his father's chemical business and, beinginterested in chemical technology, he also worked for a while underProfessor Georg Lunge at the Institute of Technology at Zurich. Hethen finally
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Mn1.171.277.352.96/9.4144
14.644219.7280.330.4790.0781
Crystal Structure12
Acid/Base Properties11
Enthalpy of Fusion20, kj/molEnthalpy of Vaporization21, kl/mol (at boiling point)
Atomic Volume16 cm 3/mol
Enthalpy of Atomization22, kl/mol (at 25oC)
Specific Heat Capacity23 J/g/K (at 25oC & 100 kPa)
Terminal Conductivity24 W/cm/K (at 25oC)
Zeff 17/Polarizability18
Metallic Radius[Van der Waals Radius]15, A
Covalent Radius14,A
SymbolAllotropic Form13
VIIAVIIB
7Group Classifications
HSublimation∆
Ωm at 25oC
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl (s)_21
3.
4.
5.Cl2(g) Cl(g)_212.
Na(g) Na(g)1.
Na(g) Na+(g) + e_
495.8 kJ/mol
122 kJ/mol
107.3 kJ/mol
-411 kJ/mol
Na+(g) + Cl_(g) NaCl (s)
-787 kJ/mol
Cl(g) + e_ Cl
_(g)
-348.6 kJ/mol
Net reaction
A Born _ Haber Cycle for NaCl
F _
Cl _
Br _
I _
O 2_
Anion Cation
Li+
Na+
K+
Be2+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Al3+
1036 853 807 757 2925
923 787 747 704 2695
821 715 682 649 2360
3505 3020 2914 2800 4443
2957 2524 2440 2327 3791
2630 2258 2176 2074 3401
5215 5492 5361 5218 15916
Lattice energies of some Ionic solids (kj/mol)
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Cs+ 1.67 Ba2+ 1.31 La3+ 1.22
Te2- 2.22 I- 2.19
Ionic Radii (A) for Ions with Noble-gas Electron Configurations
Li+ 0.68 Be 2+ 0.30
Na+ 0.98 Mg2+ 0.65 Al3+ 0.45
02- 1.45 F- 1.33
K+ 1.33 Ca2+ 0.94 Sc3+ 0.68
S2- 1.90 CI- 1.81
Se2- 2.02 Br- 1.96
Rb+ 1.48 Sr 2+ 1.10 Y3+ 0.90
[Ar]
[Kr]
[He]
[Ne]
[Xe]Cs+1.67 Ba2+ 1.31 La 3+ 1.22
Te 2- 2.22 I- 2.19
o
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
2 Al3+ + 6 e- 2 Al
3 O2- 1.5 O2 + 6 e-
3 O2- + 1.5 C 1.5 CO2 + 6 e-
consumable carbon anode
0.45 kg C / kg Al
aluminum produced by electrolytic reduction of Al2O3
world capacity: ~40 million tonnes/year
decompose Al2O3 dissolved in Na3AlF6 (T = 960°C)
liquid Al (-) and CO2 (+)
Charles Martin Hall, USA Paul L.T. Héroult, France
1886
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3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Fall 2009
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