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Week 2:
MAPS!
1
Source: http://xkcd.com/256/
Intro to GeographyLehman CollegeGEH 101/GEH 501Fall 2010
Keith Miyake
Friday, September 9, 11
Term Papers: IntroThe purpose of this paper is to help students relate the geographical ways of thinking introduced in the course to topics of personal interest, and in doing so, develop research, writing, and critical analytical skills.
You may work individually or in pairs
The content of the paper will be developed incrementally throughout the course through collaborative discussions during class.
Guidelines are available as a PDF on the course website
Due Dates:
March 21, 11:59pm: Description of topic, outline, bibliography
April 11, 11:59pm: Final paper due as email attachment
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Friday, September 9, 11
Term Papers: Topics
The topic can be anything the you choose
It is your responsibility to demonstrate how geographical knowledge and analysis is useful in understanding the topic.
Possible topics...
Environmental Justice in New York
Race, space and place in the evolution of Jazz music
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Term Papers: Format and Style1,500–2,500 words, not including bibliography
12-point, Times family font, 1” margins, double line spacings
APA Style:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/1/
Must use in-line citations:
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
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Term Papers: Content and Structure
Introduction and Thesis
Describe the purpose or argument contained in your paper
Very briefly (no more than 1 page) describe the topic as though it was being presented to peers who are mostly ignorant about the topic.
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Term Papers: Content and StructureBody: Use geographic analysis to critically think about one or more aspects of the topic:
How spatial variations or interactions shape the processes involved in your topic
How place-specific physical landscape, political, economic, cultural, and social variables are influential factors
How factors in one place have uneven consequences for different populations across space and time
You might use of maps/spatial analysis, quantitative data, analysis of current affairs, policy analysis, media critique, or anything else that would enable others to better understand the chosen topic.
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Term Papers: Content and Structure
Conclusion and Discussion
How the topic is relevant within contemporary society
Pose questions or topics for further research
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Term Papers: Assessment
If you struggle with writing mechanics, it is highly recommended that you visit the Academic Support Center for Excellence, have a peer proof read your paper, or meet with me individually to work on making your paper more readable and comprehensible.
Papers will be assessed based on geographic content and analysis as well as mechanics based on the rubric posted to the course website
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Sources and References
At least 4 sources of information not including data or graphics
At least 2 sources must be scholarly sources such as academic journals or books
Wikipedia is not an acceptable source...
Websites should be reputable and contain verifiable information (e.g., Huffington Post is OK, answers.yahoo.com is NOT OK)
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How to use Wikipedia
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Friday, September 9, 11
Why Maps?
Reference
Spatial analysis
Communicating information
Synesthetic device
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Absolute Locations
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Geographic grids are coordinate systems that allow us to locate places on a map
Latitude-Longitude
40°47’49.84”N, 73°58’15.41”W
+40.872617, -73.895845
Metes and Bounds
Township and Range
Friday, September 9, 11
Coordinate Systems
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Source: Fiona VincentFriday, September 9, 11
Time Zones and Longitude
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Map Projections:Flattening a
Globe
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Map Projections:Equal-area (equivalent)vs.Conformal
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Map Projections
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CoordinateSystems
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Source: USGSFriday, September 9, 11
Relative Information & Maps
Distance-relationships are never entirely accurate on flat maps because flattening a map causes linear distortion
Maps tend to be most accurate with regard to distance near the center of the projection and least accurate at the edges
Relationships between places can be expressed in different ways
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Map Symbology
Points and Lines
Isolines and Contours
Areas
Flows
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Friday, September 9, 11
Map Symbology
Points and Lines
Isolines and Contours
Areas
Flows
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Friday, September 9, 11
Map Symbology
Points and Lines
Isolines and Contours
Areas (choropleth map)
Flows
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Friday, September 9, 11
Map SymbologyPoints and Lines
Isolines and Contours
Areas
Flows
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Friday, September 9, 11
Map Scale
Large scale: more detail
Scale ratio is larger
Small scale: less detail
Scale ratio is smaller
1:10,000,000 vs 1:10,000
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Small scale map
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Source: Third World Atlas by Alan Thomas
2000-2009 Temperature Anomaly (NASA)
Friday, September 9, 11
Large scale map
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Source: Keith Miyake for North Star FundFriday, September 9, 11
Types of Maps: Choropleth
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Source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/Friday, September 9, 11
Types of Maps: Area Cartogram
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Carbon Emissions by Country
Source: http://www.worldmapper.orgFriday, September 9, 11
Maps and Technology
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Sensing and imagery
GPS and locational devices
GIS and computers
The Internet
Creative uses of existing technologies
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jB7t4KKV38UFriday, September 9, 11
Remote Sensing
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Friday, September 9, 11
Remote SensingImagery of the Gulf of Mexico taken by NASA's Terra spacecraft
(left) Near true-color image of Mississippi Delta
(right) False-color image; oil is blue-black, delta waters are reddish, land is cyan
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Remote Sensing and Internet Technologies
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Geographic Information Science (GISc)and Spatial Analysis
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Spatial Analysis
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John Snow, Cholera, Epidemiology
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1800s cholera widely believed to be caused by miasma (pollution or bad air)
1849 Snow published: "On the Mode of Communication of Cholera" where he proposed that the "Cholera Poison" reproduced in the human body and was spread through contaminated food or water.
Theory unproven until London in 1854
Snow identified pattern of deaths surrounding a water pump on Broad St.
Removal of pump handle coincided with reduction in deaths
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Spatial Analysis: Environmental Racism38
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Friday, September 9, 11
How to Lie with Maps
Map standardization
Who is making the maps and why?
What social and psychological effects might standardization cause?
People trust maps!
Maps imply factuality and impartiality
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How to Lie with Maps
Scale (size of different things, relative to what?)
Omission
Distortion
Symbology
How data are represented (e.g., density vs. population vs. per capita)
Implications?
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Gallery WalkWhat is the map style or category?
What information is being conveyed?
Who is the audience?
What is the scale and scope of the map? Would the map be effective at different scales?
What layers and symbology are used?
Is the map effective?
Thinking about the range of information that can be conveyed through maps, what are some commonalities that all maps share?
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