· Web viewla computadoraunos libros. 1.2 NUMBERS 0-30 **UNO (and numbers ending in –UNO) have...

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

1.1 MASCULINE vs. FEMININE All nouns in Spanish have GENDER

EXCEPTIONS:el día the day la clase the classel mapa the map la mano the handel agua the water

MAKING NOUNS PLURAL If a noun ends in a VOWEL ADD -S (ex.) el libro los librosIf a noun ends in a CONSONANT ADD -ES (ex.) la lección las lecciones

**Use the MASCULINE PLURAL to refer to a group that includes both males and females.

un muchacho + una muchacha = unos muchachos

LOS ARTÍCULOSDefinite Articles “THE”= el, la, los, lasIndefinite Articles “A/AN”= un, una, unos, unas

**Articles MUST agree in number and gender with the nouns they modifyla computadora unos libros

1.2 NUMBERS 0-30

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

**UNO (and numbers ending in –UNO) have more than one form: drop the –o on the masculine form if the noun that comes after it is masculine:

un lápiz veintiún lapices use a feminine form if the NOUN that comes after it is feminine:

una chica veintiuna chicas

1.3 PRESENT TENSE OF SER

SUBJECT PRONOUNS: These word can be used as the SUBJECT or can REPLACE the subject of your sentence:

There is more than one way to say “YOU” in Spanish:tú and usted—> YOU vosotros and ustedes—> YOU ALL

** TÚ and VOSOTROS/AS are INFORMAL (friends and family) **Vosotros is only used in SPAIN**• USTED and USTEDES are FORMAL (someone you don’t know very well or to whom you want to show

respect.)

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

“SER” is used for:1. Permanent characteristics/ traits 2. Express the origin or nationality of someone/something3. Talk about someone’s profession4. Time

1.4 TELLING TIMETo ask what time it is, say: ¿Qué hora es? To say “it is” when telling time, use: Es la una./ Son las ..(dos, tres, cuatro).

To ask what time something is going to take place, say: ¿A qué hora…?To state what time something takes place, use: A la una./ A las …(dos, tres, cuatro).

2.1 PRESENT TENSE OF AR VERBS:To conjugate a verb in the present tense:

1.) Start with the infinitive : CANTAR2.) Take off the ending (-AR): CANT <— This is called the stem! 3.) Add the present tense AR verb endings to the stem.

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

EL VERBO GUSTAR: It is NOT conjugated like the regular AR verbs. Let’s take a look:

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

2.2 FORMING QUESTIONS IN SPANISH

There are 3 ways to form a yes/no question in Spanish:

1.) Simply raised the intonation of your voice at the end of a statement: Juan trabaja en la escuela.

EX: ¿Juan trabaja en la escuela?

2.) Add the tags ¿NO? or ¿verdad? to the end of a statement. Juan trabaja en la escuela.

EX: Juan trabaja en la escuela, ¿no?

3.) Switch the SUBJECT and the VERB order. Juan trabaja en la escuela. S. V.

EX: ¿Trabaja Juan en la escuela? V. S.

When you are looking for other information rather than just a YES/NO answer, use an interrogative:

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

At times, answering a question in Spanish will require a change of the verb (because the subject of the answer is different than the subject of the question. Follow these guidelines when answering questions:

If the question is in the …. form…

The answer will be in the … form.

If the question is in the …. form…

The answer will be in the … form.

YO TÚ/UD NOSOTROS VOSOTROS/UDS.TÚ YO VOSOTROS

NOSOTROS

ÉL/ELLA ÉL/ELLA ELLOS/ELLAS ELLOS/ELLASUD.

YO UDS.

NOSOTROS

2.3 PRESENT TENSE of ESTAR

ESTAR – to be

Estoy I am Estamos We areEstás You are Estáis Y’all areEstá He/She/You

areEstán They/You all are

“ESTAR” is used to:1. Location2. Temporary conditions3. Emotion/ Health

** REMEMBER: HOW YOU FEEL AND WHERE YOU ARE, ALWAYS USE THE VERB ESTAR!**

ESTAR is often used with prepositions to describe the location of a person or an object:

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

2.4 Los Números 31+

Para expresar un número más de 30:

30- Treinta40- Cuarenta50- Cincuenta y uno, y dos, y tres, etc…60- Sesenta70-Setenta80- Ochenta90-Noventa100- Cien/ciento

** Use cien (100) if the number is exactly 100. (EX: Tengo cien primas.)** If it is over 100, use ciento (EX: Tengo ciento veinte primos.)

3.1 DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES

** Adjectives must agree in GENDER and NUMBER with the noun the modify! EX: La muchacha es bonita. (all fem./ pl.)

El bolígrafo es amarillo. (all masc./s.)Los alumnos son inteligentes. (all masc./pl.)

** Adjectives are placed after the noun the modify!

200 Doscientos300 Trescientos400 Cuatrocientos500 Quinientos600 Seiscientos700 Setecientos800 Ochocientos900 Novecientos1,000 mil2,000 Dos mil5,000 cinco mil100,000 cien mil500,000 quinientos mil1,000,000

un millón (de)

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

EX: the white t-shirt some yellow bananas

La camiseta blanca Unas bananas amarillas

3.2 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

** Possessive adjectives, like all other adjectives agree with the noun that they modify. They agree with WHAT is being possessed (not with who possesses it.)

EX: Luisa es la nieta de Fran y Susana. Es su nieta. (Singular because nieta is singular.) Luisa y Sara son las nietas de Fran. Son sus nietas (Plural because nietas is plural.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Mi/Mis my Nuestro/a/os/as

Our

Tu/Tus your Vuestro/a/os/as

Y’’all’s

Su/Sus his/her/your su/sus their/your

3.3 ER/IR VERBSTo conjugate an ER/IR verb in the present tense:

1.) Start with the infinitive : BEBER2.) Take off the ending (-ER/ -IR): BEB <— This is called the stem! 3.) Add the present tense ER/ IR verb endings to the stem.

VERBOS ER VERBOS IR

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

3.4 TENER/ VENIR

TENER: to have(e-ie SCV with irregular YO form)

VENIR: to come(e-ie SCV with irregular YO form)

Tengo Tenemos Vengo VenimosTienes Tenéis Vienes VenísTiene Tienen Viene Vienen

4.1 El Verbo IR

Typically used with the word: A (to)

A + EL ALUse: IR + A + INFINITIVE to say what you are going to do.

EX: Yo voy al museo. I am going to the museum.

Yo voy a ir al museo. I am going to go to the museum.

IR: to go(irregular verb)

Voy Vamosvas vaisva van

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan

4.2 VERBOS de BOTA (STEM CHANGING VERBS) (O-UE, E-IE)

O-UE

Verbos AR Verbos ER Verbos IRAlmorzarContarCostarEncontrarJugar (U-UE)+ al ***MostrarRecordar

PoderVolver

MorirDormir

E-IE

Verbos AR Verbos ER Verbos IRCerrarComenzarEmpezarPensarMerendar

EntenderPerderQuerer (+ inf)Tener**

Preferir (+ inf)Venir **

Contar (O-UE)

**Verbos de cambio radical NO tienen cambian de raíz en las formas NOSOTROS/VOSOTROS

** Con el verbo JUGAR, tenemos que usar la palabra A antes del deporte a que jugamos

** Como mucho de los deportivos son masculinos (la mayoría), A+EL = ALEX: Yo juego al fútbol. / Mis amigos juegan al hockey.

4.3 VERBOS de BOTA (STEM CHANGING VERBS) (E-I)

Verbos IR

Yo cuento

Tú cuentas

Nosotros contamosVosotros costáis

Él/ella Ud. cuenta Ellos/as cuestan

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan Conseguir*_______________ Pedir _________________Decir*__________________ Servir_________________Repetir________________ Seguir*_________________

4.4 YO CHANGERSHere are some verbs you know with irregular YO forms:

FINAL EXAM GRAMMAR NOTES Español I- Callahan