Water World Ocean Zones Coral Reef Tubeworms Freshwater Biome Zones

Water World

Ocean Zones

Coral Reef

Tubeworms

Freshwater Biome Zones

Eutrophic Lake

Oligotrophic Lake

Rivers & Streams

Wetlands

Estuary

Rachel Carson

• Silent Spring• 1962 DDT

Biogeography

Geographic Range

Wide Geographic Range

Dispersal-Actual-Potential Range

Introduced Species“Africanized Bees/Zebra Mussels

Predator-Prey Relationships

Biomes:Temperature-Precipitation

Biome Distribution

Biome?

Biome?

Biome?

Biome?

Biome?

Biome?

Biome?

Biome?

Climate Lighting

The Seasons: Axis

Global Wind Patterns

Rain-shadow Affect

Upwelling

Climate Change

Dam Distribution

Ethology

Behavior-Nature vs. Nurture?

FAP: Fixed Action Pattern

Behavioral Ecology

Song Bird VariationFitness in Mating

Cost-Benefit Foraging Analysis

Learned Performance BehaviorMaturation, Habituation

ImprintingKonrad Lorenz

Sensitive Period

Open-ended Learning

Associative Learning, Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning

Play

CognitionKinesis, Taxis, Cognitive Maps

MigrationPiloting, Orientation, Navigation

ConciousnessAre animals “aware” of

themselves?

Competition

Antagonist Behavior

Reconciliation Behavior

Territorial Behavior

Marking Territory

Courtship BehaviorPromiscuous, Monogamy,Polygamous,Polyandry

Pheromones

Bee DancesRound vs. Waggle

AltruismDecrease in individual Fitness, Increase in Group

Inclusive Fitness

Hamilton’s Rule of Kin Selection: The rule is as follows:rB > C

The more closely related two individuals are, the greater the value of altruism.

Sociobiology

Population

Clumped Disperion

Uniform

Random-Independent

Demography, Life Table, Cohort

Surviorship CurvesI: Low Death Early

II: EqualIII. High Death Early

Semelparity-Big BangIteroparity-Constant

Mortality Rates-Reproduction

Population Change

• Using mathematical notation we can express this relationship as follows:– If N represents population size, and t

represents time, then N is the change is population size and t represents the change in time, then:N/t = B-D• Where B is the number of births and D is

the number of deaths

Population Change

– We can simplify the equation and use r to represent the difference in per capita birth and death rates. N/t = rN OR dN/dt = rN

– If B = D then there is zero population growth (ZPG).

– Under ideal conditions, a population grows rapidly.

• Exponential population growth is said to be happening• Under these conditions, we may assume the maximum

growth rate for the population (rmax) to give us the following exponential growth

• dN/dt = rmaxN

Exponential Growth

Logistic Growth

• Typically, unlimited resources are rare.– Population growth is therefore regulated by

carrying capacity (K), which is the maximum stable population size a particular environment can support.

Logistic Growth

• The logistic growth equation

– We can modify our model of population growth to incorporate changes in growth rate as population size reaches a carrying capacity.

– The logistic population growth model incorporates the effect of population density on the rate of increase.

Carrying Capacity

Growth Curves

Logistic Growth

K-R Life Histories

– In K-selection, organisms live and reproduce around K, and are sensitive to population density.

• In r-selection, organisms exhibit high rates of reproduction and occur in variable environments in which population densities fluctuate well below K.

Density Dependence-Independence

Resource Limitations-Reproduction Rates

Interspecific Relationships

Demographic Transition

The Plague

Age Structure

Human Population

• Predictions of the human population vary from 7.3 to 10.7 billion people by the year 2050.

– Will the earth be overpopulated by this time?

Ecological Footprint

• Six types of ecologically productive areas are distinguished in calculating the ecological footprint:

– Land suitable for crops.– Pasture.– Forest.– Ocean.– Built-up land.– Fossil energy land.

Ecological Footprint

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Resource Partitioning

Character Displacement-Sympatric Species

Cryptic Coloration

Aposematic Coloration“Warning”

Batesian MimicryHarmless Depicts Harmful

Mullerian MimicryResemblance

Trophic Structure

Food Webs

Biomass-Keystone Species

Phosphorus Cycle

Succession

Secondary Succession

Secondary Succession