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Water ResourcesWater Resources
An Environmental Science Series An Environmental Science Series
The Water MoleculeThe Water Molecule
Hydrogen Bonds
Energy Involved in the Phase Changes of Water
www.hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
Water: a staple for lifeWater: a staple for life
www.auf.asn.au/meteorology
Where do we get water?Where do we get water?
Water Balance LenthicLenthic – standing water (lakes)– standing water (lakes) LoticLotic – running water (streams)– running water (streams)
Incoming sources:Incoming sources:1)1) PrecipitationPrecipitation2)2) SurfaceSurface influentsinfluents3)3) GroundwaterGroundwater seepageseepage4)4) GroundwaterGroundwater springsspringsLosses:Losses:1)1) Outlets (drainage)Outlets (drainage)2)2) Seepage into groundwater (infiltration)Seepage into groundwater (infiltration)3)3) EvaporationEvaporation4)4) EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration (macrophytes)(macrophytes)
Water in the atmosphereWater in the atmosphere
Water vapor can be between 0 and 4 %Water vapor can be between 0 and 4 %
It is considered a Greenhouse GasIt is considered a Greenhouse Gas
It is responsible for condensation to It is responsible for condensation to form clouds and precipitationform clouds and precipitation
Sources of WaterSources of Water
Aquifers both Aquifers both confinedconfined and and unconfined are important unconfined are important underground reservoirsunderground reservoirs
SurfaceSurface water sources including water sources including rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirsrivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs
DesalinationDesalination is also another way to is also another way to get drinking waterget drinking water
University of Michigan
U.S. water consumption as per 1995 statistics
Water, Water EverywhereWater, Water Everywhere The oceans constitute over 71% of The oceans constitute over 71% of
the surface of the earth. the surface of the earth. Only 3% of the world’s water supply Only 3% of the world’s water supply
is freshwater (text says 2.6%).is freshwater (text says 2.6%). Two-thirds of this freshwater supply Two-thirds of this freshwater supply
is tied up in glacial ice.is tied up in glacial ice. Most of the water is too polluted to Most of the water is too polluted to
drink and must undergo a form of drink and must undergo a form of filtration. filtration.
Water usage! Water usage! The average toilet uses 5 to 7 gallons of The average toilet uses 5 to 7 gallons of
water per flush. water per flush. A shower can use 25 to 50 gallons of water A shower can use 25 to 50 gallons of water
(5 gallons per minute). (5 gallons per minute). The average bath takes about 36 gallons The average bath takes about 36 gallons
of water. of water. It takes about 1 gallon of water to process It takes about 1 gallon of water to process
a quarter pound of hamburger. a quarter pound of hamburger. Ten gallons of water are needed to refine Ten gallons of water are needed to refine
one gallon of gasoline. one gallon of gasoline. Humans require about 2 1/2 quarts of Humans require about 2 1/2 quarts of
water a day. water a day.
Groundwater Concept Map
by Purdue University, IN
Methods of DesalinationMethods of Desalination
Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis DistillationDistillation EvaporationEvaporation
There are some major desalination There are some major desalination processing plants. In fact, the processing plants. In fact, the Outerbanks, NC and Cape May use Outerbanks, NC and Cape May use this technology.this technology.
Water without the saltWater without the saltDesalinationDesalination
Reverse Osmosis Desalination
courtesy of USAID (Kahn, 1986.)
Hoover Dam Information
Location
The Hoover Dam is located in the South Western United States on the border of Nevada and Arizona. The dam is 30 miles southeast of Las Vegas.
Interesting Facts
•Two lane road allows traffic to travel from Nevada to Arizona. For security reasons, certain types of vehicles (like heavy trucks) are not allowed to cross the dam . The Hoover Dam Bypass bridge is currently being built.
IrrigationIrrigation
Agriculture accounts for 80 percent Agriculture accounts for 80 percent of the Nation's water use (USDA)of the Nation's water use (USDA)
Irrigation is critical to agriculture in Irrigation is critical to agriculture in the United States: nearly half of the the United States: nearly half of the value of all crops sold comes from value of all crops sold comes from the 16 percent of harvested cropland the 16 percent of harvested cropland that is irrigated. that is irrigated.
Cranberry Bog’s take much water for flooding and diversion of stream flows
Massachusetts Bogs use 41 – 44 billion of gallons of water per year!
Water PollutionWater Pollution
Types and Treatment Types and Treatment
We can classify major sources that lead to water pollution:
•synthetic agricultural chemicals •heavy metals •hazardous wastes •excess organic matter •sediment •infectious organisms •air pollution •thermal pollution •soil pollution
Bioavailability of MetalsBioavailability of Metals
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency metals of major interest that have greatest potential metals of major interest that have greatest potential for human exposure and health risk include:for human exposure and health risk include:Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and SbNi, Pb, Se, and Sb
Other metals that may cause less of a health threat Other metals that may cause less of a health threat are:are:Ag, Ba, Co, Mn, Mo, Na, Tl, V, and ZnAg, Ba, Co, Mn, Mo, Na, Tl, V, and Zn
These metals can be dispersed in soil, water and air. These metals can be dispersed in soil, water and air. Metals in soil and sediment, those suspended in the Metals in soil and sediment, those suspended in the water column, and those found in groundwater are water column, and those found in groundwater are of greatest concern according to USGS Publication of greatest concern according to USGS Publication 2191. 2191.
Biological Factors – Nutrient CyclingBiological Factors – Nutrient Cycling
There are biotic processes including There are biotic processes including nutrient cycling with phosphorus and nutrient cycling with phosphorus and nitrogen…nitrogen…
Nitrates come from cycling, runoff, and Nitrates come from cycling, runoff, and the atmospherethe atmosphere
Phosphates are put into a system Phosphates are put into a system through runoff, cycling or translocation through runoff, cycling or translocation from another source (bird excretion), from another source (bird excretion), but not from the atmospherebut not from the atmosphere
Florida Everglades: A highly altered ecosystemFlorida Everglades: A highly altered ecosystem
Florida Bay is 2072 Km2
Water FiltrationWater Filtration
Water Purification TechnologiesWater Purification Technologies Distillation Distillation Ion Exchange Ion Exchange Carbon Adsorption Carbon Adsorption Filtration Filtration Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis Reverse Osmosis Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
Confined & Unconfined AquifersConfined & Unconfined Aquifers
Bynum Reservoir with the Rocky Mountain Front in the distance
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