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WASH and Increased Food Security Ron Clemmer FSN Meeting November 15, 2012. Increased Food Security and WASH. Additional Productive Time Soil Fertility Improvement Better Water Management. Additional Productive Time. One example – Dango, Angola - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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WASH and Increased Food Security
Ron ClemmerFSN Meeting
November 15, 2012
Increased Food Security and WASH
• Additional Productive Time
• Soil Fertility Improvement
• Better Water Management
Additional Productive Time
• One example – Dango, Angola
• Women walked 2 hours per day to get water from the river
• Reduced to 0.5 hour per day with installation of borehole, saving 10.5 hours or more per week
• Extra time results in 20% more time in agriculture activities
Soil Fertility
• Human excrement – feces and urine– waste or resource
• Feces – organic material, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
potassium (K) – pathogens and intestinal worms
• Urine– N (urea), P, K– typically no pathogens
Thanks!
Arborloo
Urine diverted with special pedestals or squat plates
Examples from South Africa and Kenya from Peter Morgan
Urine diluted with water and applied to plants can enhance growth significantly Leafy green vegetables like spinach are particularly responsive
Courtesy of Peter Morgan
Most of this maize cob mass derived from Most of this maize cob mass derived from nutrients supplied by urine diluted in water (3:1)nutrients supplied by urine diluted in water (3:1)
Courtesy of Peter Morgan
Better Water ManagementMultiple Water Use Services (MUS)
Communities turn single-use designed water systems into de facto multiple use systems> may cause damage, as unplanned
ORCommunities construct multi-purpose water infrastructure> for multiple livelihood and domestic use benefits and broad basis for cost-recoveryandCommunities use and re-use multiple sources for multiple uses > for more holistic, efficient and sustainable water resource management
Source of some MUS info from Barbara Van Koppen, MUS, Stockholm World Water Week, 2012
Wider livelihood mandates:-Health from safe drinking water and reduced time for getting water, plus enhanced food and income Multi-purpose technology: -Higher service levels ‘climbing the water ladder’ for more water to homesteads-Often add-ons, like cattle troughs, community gardens
Domestic+ MUS
Irrigation+ MUSCrop-based food and income, plus non-irrigation uses
Multi-purpose technology: -water to fields, plus add-ons, like cattle ramps, washing places, and domestic water supplies
MUS Cost-Benefit Analysis
– More uses, so more livelihood benefits and resilience– Can be highly cost-effective investments with low incremental costs for
livelihood improvements in some cases– No damage from unplanned uses, so more sustainable
Midpoint estimates of income benefits by service level are:
Highest level multiple uses: $71/capitaIntermediate level multiple uses: $61/capitaBasic level multiple uses: $25/capita
Example: Per Capita Income Benefits by Incremental Service Levels for DomesticSource: Renwick et al. 2007. Winrock International, IRC and IWMI
Basic level MUS
Intermediate level MUS
Highest level MUS
Basic Domestic
Home gardens Livestock Small scale
enterprises Total
Midpoint $11 $27 $17 $25
Range $1-22 $4-50 $4-30 $1-50
Home gardens Livestock Small scale
enterprises Total
Midpoint $23 $67 $17 $61
Range $2-43 $14-120 $4-30 $2-120
Home gardens Livestock Small scale
enterprises Total
Midpoint $64 $87 $19 $71
Range $4-50 $36-138 $4-35 $4-138
Average incremental income benefit: $25
Average incremental income benefit: $36
Average incremental income benefit: $10
The largest incremental gains in income are achieved at the intermediate service level.
– Evaluation of Domestic+ MUS opportunities in Ghana showed high potential for significant population coverage
– “However, there would be a relatively small impact per person in terms of improved livelihoods.”
– “Total investment costs for increasing service levels is 30-60 USD/capita.”Source: Multiple Use Water Services Scoping Study Synthesis,” International Water Management Institute, Rockefeller Foundation,
IRC, March 2012.
MUS does not always provide a good return on investment
Feasibility / Sustainability Study
Technical Feasibility Environmental Sustainability Social Capacity Financial Feasibility and Sustainability
– Can require higher level of feasibility analysis– Different government ministries responsible for
different water uses– Different expertise and perspectives of local
implementers– Different water quality needs
Challenges for MUS
Increased Food Security and WASH
• Additional Productive Time – possibly much more time
• Soil Fertility Improvement – Ecological Sanitation and soil nutrients available
in every village
• Better Water Management – Multiple Water Use Services
WASH and Food Security - Resource
Conservation Linkages
Ron ClemmerFSN Meeting
November 15, 2012
Degraded Lands - Deforestation
• Can decrease soil moisture, groundwater and surface water resources
• Can cause increase in flooding and soil erosion from runoff and wind
Alternative for reforestation
• Farmer managed natural regeneration (FMNR)• Underground forest of millions of sprouting tree trunks with
20 or more sprouts
Impacts of FMNR in Niger
• Reforestation – 5 million hectares reforested
averaging 40 trees per hectacre• Increase in water resources• Increased incomes - $200/year for each family• Increased food security – Additional 500,000
tons of grain per year, enough for 2.5 million people
Water and soil conservation in the field
Stone bund
Trench bund
Gully Treatment with gabion check dam
Where 70% of the livelihood is from livestock, saving water and productive grazing land is crucial
Check dams – reducing flooding and providing irrigation water
Linkages with Resource Conservation
• Resource conservation to support resiliency and disaster risk reduction programming not only conserves water and soil for farming purposes and decreases flood, but also increases water resources for domestic water use
Thanks!
Ron ClemmerWorld Vision
rclemmer@worldvision.org
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