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Wars of Religion. Hapsburg-Valois Wars. 1519-1559 Treaty of Catuau-Cambresis France kept HRE from gaining land in Germany, but helped the spread of Lutheranism w/o knowing Spain defeated France for control of Sicily, Naples, and Milan. Religious Issues. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Wars of Religion
Hapsburg-Valois Wars
• 1519-1559• Treaty of Catuau-Cambresis• France kept HRE from gaining land in
Germany, but helped the spread of Lutheranism w/o knowing
• Spain defeated France for control of Sicily, Naples, and Milan
Religious Issues
• From 1560 to 1648 wars would be fought largely over religious issues
• Spain sough to squash Protestantism in Western Europe and spread of Islam in Mediterranean
• HRE sought to re-impose Catholicism in Germany
• A civil war occurred in England between Puritans and Anglicans
Spain’s Catholic Crusade
• Philip II sought to re-impose Catholicism in Europe
• Spain became dominant country in Europe under Philip II
• Spain waged a war against the Turks in the Mediterranean to secure the region for Christian
The Dutch Revolt
• William I led 17 provinces against the Spanish Inquisition
• United Provinces of the Netherlands formed in 1581– Received aid from England under Elizabeth I– Major blow to Philip’s goal of maintaining
Catholicism throughout his empire
Spanish vs. England
• Queen Mary Tudor had tried to re-impose Catholicism in England– When she died, Queen Elizabeth I reversed Mary’s course
via the “Elizabethan Settlement”– Elizabeth later refused Philip’s request for marriage
• Elizabeth helped the Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain
• Philip sought revenge for England’s support for the Dutch as well as hoping to make England Catholic again
Spanish Armada
• Spain’s attempt to invade England ended in disaster
• Much of Spain’s navy lay in ruins due to a raging storm in the English Channel as well as the effectiveness of England’s smaller but better armed navy
• Signaled the rise of England as a world naval power
French Civil Wars
• At least 9 occurred in last half of the 16th century
• After death of Henry II in 1559, a power struggle between three families began
• 3 French kings from 1559-1589 were dominated by their mother, Catherine de’ Medici, wanted to maintain Catholic control of France
St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
• August 24, 1572• Marriage of Margaret of Valois to Henry of
Navarre intended to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots
• Night before wedding, Catholics murdered leader of the Huguenots
• Catherine de’ Medici ordered killings of Calvinist– 20,000 Huguenots killed by October 3
Henry IV
• 1553-1610• First Bourbon king of France• His rise to power ended the French Civil Wars• He sought practical political solutions • He converted to Catholicism to gain the loyalty
of Paris, but privately remained a Calvinist
Edict of Nantes
• Henry IV granted a degree of religious toleration to Huguenots– Permitted right to worship (not publicly)– Gained access to universities, public office, and
land in western France
Thirty Years’ War
• 1618-1648• Most important war of the 17th century• Failure of the Peace of Augsburg– German princes right to choose religion– Lasted 60 years
Four Phases of the War
• Bohemian Phase• Danish Phase• Swedish Phase• French Phase
Bohemian Phase
• Triggered war in Bohemia• HRE placed severe restrictions on
Protestantism• HRE officials were beaten• In retaliation, HRE sought to annihilate the
Calvinist nobility in Bohemia• Protestantism eliminated in Bohemia
Danish Phase
• Represented the height of Catholic power during war
• HRE hired Albrecht von Wallenstein– Won numerous battles against Protestants
• Edict of Restitution, 1629– All church territories that had been secularized
were to be restored to Catholicism
Swedish Phase
• Protestants liberated territory lost in Danish phase• Gustavus Adophus (King of Sweden) led an army
to push Catholics back to Bohemia• Battle of Breitenfeld, 1631– Ended hopes of unifying Germany under Catholicism
• HRE annulled the Edict of Restitution• Swedish defeated and French became involved
French Phase
• International Phase• Cardinal Richelieu of France allied with
Protestant forces to defeat the HRE• Richelieu’s policies reflect Catholic France’s
paramount diplomatic concerns as political, not religious
Treaty of Westphalia
• 1648• Ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany• Renewal of Peace of Augsburg– Added Calvinism to accepted faith
• Guaranteed Germany would remain divided politically and religiously for centuries
Dissolution of HRE
• Netherlands and Switzerland gained their independence from Spanish rule
• 300+ German states became sovereign• The pope was denied the right to intervene in
HRE affairs
Results of Thirty Years’ War
• Germany physically devastated• Germany was further divided by decline of
HRE• Ended the wars of religion• Beginning the rise of France as the dominant
European power
English Civil War
• Puritan Revolution• Struggle between King and Parliament• Parliament composed of many Puritans
(English Calvinist) and Presbyterians• Civil War broke out in 1642– Cavaliers supported the king– Roundheads (Calvinists) opposed the king
Oliver Cromwell
• Led his Puritan forces to victory in 1649• New Model Army• Pride’s Purge– Removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians from
Parliament– Without Cromwell’s knowlegde
New Sects
• Levellers– Radical religious revolutionaries
• Diggers– Denied Parliament authority and rejected private
land owning• Quakers– Believed in “inner light”– Rejected church authority– Pacifists
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