Warm Up Monday November 26, 2012 What is a cycle? Explain in your own words

Warm Up

• Monday November 26, 2012

• What is a cycle? Explain in your own words.

The Cell Cycle &

Cell DivisionNotes

Objectives

1) Describe the stage of the cell cycle (include DNA replication & mitosis).

2) Describe the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of an organism.

Cell Cycle

Animated Cycle

http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm

Cell Cycle

= sequence of growth & division

• Consists of :

1) Interphase

2) Mitosis

3) Cytokinesis

Cell Division

= separation of 1 cell into 2 daughter cells

• Involves mitosis & cytokinesis

Interphase

= stage of the cell cycle when the cell is not in mitosis (between cell divisions)

• LONGEST stage of cell cycle

1) Period of growth & development

2) DNA copied (AKA replicated or duplicated)

3) Cell doubles amount of cytoplasm

Interphase: G0 Phase

= resting phase

• AKA Gap Zero

• Only occurs in cells that do not divide often or ever

Interphase: G1 Phase

= cell increases in mass (organelles) & volume (cytoplasm), protein synthesis occurs

• Cell grows & functions normally

• AKA “growth phase”

Interphase: S Phase

= DNA is synthesized & chromosomes are duplicated

• S represents synthesis– Synthesis = _________________

Interphase: G2 Phase

• cell continues growth & prepares for mitosis

Cell Cycle: M Phase

• cell enters Mitosis (cell division)

***Will talk about steps in Mitosis tomorrow

Review: Interphase

- DNA replicated- Protein synthesized

- Organelles replicated

- Cell increases in size & volume

Interphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Chromosomes

= super-coiled, thread-like structures located inside the nucleus

Chromosome

• Each made of:

1) Protein

2) Single molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

• Passed from parent to offspring

• DNA makes you unique

Chromosomes • Vary in # & shape among living things

– Humans have 23 pairs

• Each cell has 2 sets – Came from “mom” & “dad”

Cells: 2 Main Types

1. Diploid = cells that contain both sets of homologous chromosomes– 23 pairs in humans– Homologous = shows degree of similarity that

indicates a common origin

• Somatic Cells = body cells– Examples: lung, skin, heart, brain\– Sometimes written as 2N

2. Haploid- cells that contain a single set of homologous chromosomes– Are NOT paired– Sometimes written as N

• Reproductive (sex) Cells – Examples: sperm & eggs– AKA gametes

Cells: 2 Main Types

Summary

Draw a line in your notes and write a 3-5 sentence summary.

REMINDER: each sentence must

include SPECIFIC information that you learned today.

Avid Thinking Strategy

• TV Commercial: 30 seconds of fame! # 14 page 11

Directions:

Write a 30 second TV commercial advertising cell cycle/interphase. Use at least 3 scientific terms pertaining to the topic. Draw a picture to go along with your commercial.

Hint: Sell me something I need!!

Warm Up

• Tuesday November 27, 2012

• Define cell division in your own words.

MITOSIS NOTES

Objectives

1) List the stages mitosis.

2) Describe what occurs during each stage of mitosis.

Mitosis

= the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Mitosis

1)One type of cell division

2)Results in two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.

3)The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell.

Mitosis

4) Mitosis allows for growth and replaces worn out or damaged cells.

Mitosis can be divided into stages

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase & Cytokinesis

Prophase

1.DNA begins to shorten & thicken

2.Now called chromatids / chromosomes

3.Centromeres form

4.Nuclear membrane breaks apart

5.Spindle fibers form

ProphaseThe cell prepares for nuclear

division

Prophase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Metaphase The cell prepares

chromosomes for division

1.Chromatids / chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.

2.Centromere attaches to spindle fibers

Metaphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Anaphase The chromosomes divide

1.Centromeres divide

2.Spindle fibers shorten

3.Chromatid pairs separate – move to ends of cell

4.Chromatids are now called

5.Each ½ of the pair is now called a chromosome

Anaphase

Anaphase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

TelophaseThe cytoplasm divides

1.Spindle fibers disappear

2.Chromosomes uncoil

3.Nuclear membrane forms

4.Cell divides (cytokinesis)

Telophase

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Cytokinesis

= the cells chromosomes divide in half forming two new cells.

Results of Mitosis

1)2 identical daughter cells

2)Division of nucleus

3)Nuclei are identical to each other

4)Same number & type of chromosomes

2n

2n

2n

Asexual Reproduction

=fission, budding, and regeneration in which a new organism is produced from one parent and has DNA identical to the parent organism.

Asexual Reproduction

1.Offspring produced from one organism

2.Hereditary information is identical

3.Mitosis is one form of asexual reproduction

Mitosis Animation

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html

http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html

Animal Mitosis -- Review

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Interphase

Plant Mitosis -- ReviewInterphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Interphase

Warm Up • Wednesday November 28,

2012

• List the stages of mitosis in order.

Mitosis Flip Book Today we will make a mitosis flip book.

Directions: Make a flip book of the different stages of mitosis in an animal cell.

Your book must contain the following pages:

1.Cover page

2.Interphase

3.Prophase

4.Metaphase

5.Anaphase

6.Telophase

7.Cytokinesis

•On each page, draw an animal cell in the phase for that stage. •Label each part of the drawing according to your notes. •Color all drawings. •On each page, DESCRIBE what is happening inside the cell. •NEATNESS and DETAIL count towards your grade! •This will earn you stamps!! Extra stamps= extreme detail and neatness!

Warm Up • Thursday November 29, 2012

• Explain cytokinesis in your own words.

Warm Up

• Friday November 30, 2012

• What is the result of mitosis?

Mitosis Lab

• Today we will look at different stages of mitosis through a microscope.

• You will look at slides and answer questions on your lab paper.

• You are responsible for any broken equipment!!!

Warm Up • Monday December 3, 2012

• List the process in the picture.

MEIOSISNotes

Objectives

1) Recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction.

Meiosis

= type of cell division where gametes are formed.

Meiosis

1)Second type of Cell Division

2)Gametes (eggs and sperm) are produced.

3)One parent cell produces four daughter cells.

4)Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes found in the original parent cell (haploid)

Meiosis

5)During meiosis, DNA replicates once, but the nucleus divides twice.

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Meiosis I

First division of meiosis

Interphase

1. DNA is duplicated

Prophase 1

1. Each chromosome duplicates and remains closely associated.

2. These are called sister chromatids.

3. DNA shorten & thicken

–Forms chromatids / chromosomes

Crossing Over

=portions of the sister chromatids exchange spots.

*Allow for

Genetic

Diversity!

Prophase I

http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html

Prophase I

http://everyschool.org/u/logan/cellreproductionx/rogersa/research/meiosis.html

Metaphase 1

1.Chromosomes align at the center of the

cell.

2. Centromeres attach to spindle fibers

Anaphase 1

1.Chromosome pairs separate with sister chromatids remaining together.

2.Move to the ends of the cell.

Telophase 1

1. Two daughter cells are formed with each daughter containing only one chromosome of the chromosome pair.

Telophase 1

There are now two cells. Both cells have

full sets of genetic material

(chromosomes)

Meiosis II

Second Division of Meiosis

Prophase 2

1.DNA does NOT replicate

2.Starts with TWO cells instead of one

Metaphase 2

3.Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell

Anaphase 2

4. Centromeres divide and sister chromatids move separately to each pole.

Telophase 2

5.Cell division is complete.

*Four haploid daughter cells are formed.

Telophase 2

Results in 4 cells

Each with ½ the original number of

chromosomes

In Summary

1) Two cells form during meiosis I

2) In meiosis II, both of these cells form two cells ( total of 4 sex cells/gametes )

3) Each cell has one-half the number of chromosomes in its nucleus that was in the original nucleus ( N )

In Summary

4) When the sperm and egg cells join at fertilization, each contributes 23 chromosomes so the resulting embryo will have the usual 46.

5) Meiosis also allows genetic variation

Meiosis

http://www.biosci.uga.edu/almanac/bio_103/notes/apr_3.html.

Meiosis Animation

http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/movie/meiosis.htm

Warm Up • Tuesday December 4, 2012

1)Define Meiosis in your own words

2)What is the end result?

Mitosis vs. Meiosis Notes

Objectives

1) Recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

= two sex cells, usually an egg and a sperm, join to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism with a unique identity.

Zygote

= fertilized cell resulting from the union of gametes ( sperm and egg )

Differences in Mitosis & Meiosis

• Mitosis– Asexual– Cell divides once– Two diploid daughter

cells– Genetic information is

identical – Makes somatic cells

– body cells– 2n

• Meiosis– Sexual– Cell divides twice– Four haploid daughter

cells– Genetic information is

different– Makes gametes – sex

cells– n

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Comparison Animations

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html

http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/7th/genetics/sciber/animatin.htm

Venn Diagram Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Venn Diagram Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Warm Up • Wednesday December 5,

2012

• List one similarity & one difference between mitosis & meiosis.

Warm Up • Thursday December 6, 2012

1) Define the term gamete cell.

2) List the two gametes.

Warm Up • Friday December 7, 2012

1) Define the term somatic cell.

2) List 2 examples.

Warm Up

• Monday December 10, 2012

1)List one thing you know about cancer.

Cancer

Objectives

1) Recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to disease such as cancer.

Cancer

= malignant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division .

*In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body.

Cancer

• 10% of cancers are inherited.

• 90% of cancers are not.

Cancer

The University of Texas

MD Anderson Center

Billions of dollars go to cancer research every year!

Cancer

• We will work in groups of two to research different types of cancer.

• You will be responsible for making a presentation (2-3 minutes) that includes:

1. Information about the cancer

2. Is there treatment?

3. Survival Rate

4. Picture or drawing

Warm Up

• Tuesday December 11, 2012

• What happens in the G0 phase of interphase?

Warm Up • Wednesday December 12,

2012

• What happens in the G1 phase of interphase?

Warm Up

• Thursday December 13, 2012

• What happens in the S phase of interphase?

Warm Up • Friday December 14, 2012

• What happens in the G2 phase of interphase?