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Analog Electronics Chapter1
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332:463Analog Electronics
Lecture 1 – Introduction to CMOS IC TechnologyJeffrey Walling
Rutgers University
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
2
ECE463 Overview – Administrative
9/1/2011 332:463
• Teaching Assistant– Sumati Sehajpal (sumati@eden.rutgers.edu)
• Computing Support– John Scafidi (scafidi@ece.rutgers.edu)
• Course will have large project emphasis• 1/3 of the course grade is based on projects: Largest single
grade component• Information will be updated on the class Sakai
– Check the site regularly for updates, homework, projects, etc.– I encourage students to participate on the discussion boards, I will try
to answer questions on the boards regularly.
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
3
ECE463 Overview - Prerequisites
9/1/2011 332:463
• Course prerequisite knowledge:• Basic circuit design• Basic device physics and associated small signal models
– PN junctions, MOSFET, BJT
• Working knowledge of simulation– DC, AC, Transient
• Basic linear systems analysis– Frequency response, bode analysis, poles and zeros
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
4
ECE463 Overview – Texts
9/1/2011 332:463
• Textbook is: – R.C. Jaeger, Microelectronic Circuit Design, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill,
2010– Older editions will be fine, but you are responsible for checking
content differences
• Background and reference texts:– R.J. Baker, CMOS Circuit Design, Layout and Simulation, 2nd Edition,
Wiley, 2007– B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill,
2002– P.R. Gray, P.J. Hurst, S.H. Lewis and R.G. Meyer, Analysis and
Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, 4th Edition, Wiley, 2001More difficult
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
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Grading/Assignments
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• Homework (5%)– Assigned weekly on Monday, due in class following Tuesday (Check
Sakai)– More for you than the me
• Weekly Quizzes (10%)– More for me than you, give me feedback of how well I am doing– Lowest two quiz scores dropped
• Two Midterm Exams (30%)• Two Projects (35%)
– Amplifier design using Cadence– Teams of three competition based
• Final Exam (20%)
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
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Transistor Timeline
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Vacuum Tube – 1906 (DeForest)
Transistor – 1947 (Shockly, Bardeen
and Brittain)
Modern Discrete Packaged Transistors
Integrated Circuit – 1958 (Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce)
Cross Section – Modern Intel 45nm Transistor
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
9/1/2011 332:463 7
• Number of printed transistors doubles every 1.5 years
• Founded Fairchild and Intel
Moore’s Law
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
Modern Integrated Circuit (Cross Section)
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• Intel CMOS IC (45nm)• Digital logic density drives
CMOS scaling• Scaling Equals:
– Faster Transistors, but…– Noisier and Lower Gain– Lower voltage headroom
• Source: http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregonianextra/2008/04/july15.pdf
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
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CMOS Evolves - FinFET
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• Newest generation grows transistor vertically…• Restore more control to the transistor gate gate is now 3D
Traditional CMOS Transistor
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
9/1/2011 332:463 11
• Moore’s Law leads to increased integration
• More sales of electronic devices as integration drives price down
• Growing penetration into large Asian/Pacific market still fueling growth
Semiconductor Market/Economics
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
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Why CMOS?
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CMOS Si BJT SiGe HBT
Device Speed (fT) Noise Transconductance (gm)
Intrinsic Gain (Av) • CMOS has low gain and high noise: Question why use it?
– Possibility for integration with digital circuits– Scaling increases speed…can correct for other problems with fast
digital circuits.– Cost…scaling reduces cost of a transistor to almost nothing. SiGe
BiCMOS(and other exotics) tend to be expensive.
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
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Bipolar vs. CMOS (1)
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• Bipolar disadvantage:• Lower density• Higher cost
• Bipolar advantage:• Lower process variation• High voltage• Higher gain (gmro)• Higher fT for same feature
size
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
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Bipolar vs. CMOS (2)
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• CMOS is cheaper for a given lithography, but more costly for the same speed…make up for it with transistor density.
A.J. Joseph, et al., "Status and Direction of Communication Technologies - SiGe BiCMOS and RFCMOS," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.93, pp.1539-1558, September 2005.
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
Discrete vs. Integrated Circuit Design
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• Discrete Audio Amplifier • CMOS IC Audio Amplifier
• Must minimize # transistors• Devices don’t match well
no differential circuits• R’s and C’s can be large
– C~1pF…10µF
• “Unlimited” # transistors• Good device matching
differential circuits• R’s and C’s must be small
– ~100kΩ and 50pF
Analog @ ECE Rutgers
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What will you learn
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• Analog circuit design is not “black magic”• Analog Circuit Analysis:
– Decompose large circuits into smaller, manageable pieces– Use simple, first-order models get reasonable accuracy/design-
time tradeoff– Each circuit has a unique solution
• Analog Circuit Design– Experience based…– …but we will try to craft tools for the less experienced– There is no right answer (but many wrong ones)– Analog designers learn by doing we will not become “SPICE
monkeys”
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