Vulkanaska och flygkaos · SILK-A1 (c. 7100 BP) Katla Veidivötn Grímsvötn ... VEI 0-1 Ingen...

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Bolin Centre for Climate Research

Vulkanaska och flygkaosStefan Wastegård, Institutionen för naturgeografi, Stockholms universitet

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Vulkanaska i klimatforskarens tjänst

ca 200,000 år gammal

permafrost, Yukon, Canada

ca 57 år gammal kvartärgeolog,

Stockholms universitet

• Vad är vulkanaska?• Tefrokronologi?• Hur kan vulkanaska hjälpa

klimatforskaren? • Vad hände i april 2010?

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Tefra och tefrokronologiTefra är fragment av magma som slungas upp i atmosfären vid ett explosivt vulkanutbrott. De minsta partiklarna kallas även aska

Tefrokronologi är en geokronologisk metod som använder lager med tefra från explosiva vulkanutbrott för att bygga kronologiska ramverk för bl.a. klimatarkiv och arkeologiska sammanhang

Pinatubo 1991 (USGS)

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

SigurdurThorarinsson (1912-1983)

Isländsk geolog mm, den moderna tefrokronologinsfader

Avhandling från Stockholms högskola 1944

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Proximal vs. distal tefrokronologi

0.1 mmHistoriska tefralager

Hekla-1158Hekla-1104Eldgjá-934Landnám-871

Laacher See-tefran, ca 12.900 BP (foto: Johan Lundberg)

Hässeldalen-tefran,ca 11.300 BP (foto: Björn Morén)

0.1 mm

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Lateglacial/Early Holocene tephras in Scandinavia and

the Faroe Islands

Geokemiskidentifiering

Elektronmikrosond, University ofEdinburgh, Scotland, UK

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Geokemiska signaturer för tefrorpå Färöarna (Lind & Wastegård)

K2O (wt %)

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

TiO

2 (w

t%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Sandoy A (c. 11,350 BP) Saksunarvatn (c. 10,240 BP)Mjáuvötn (c. 6600 BPLandnám (c. AD 870s)

K2O (wt %)

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

TiO

2 (w

t%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Sandoy A (c. 11,350 BP) Saksunarvatn (c. 10,240 BP)Mjáuvötn (c. 6600 BPLandnám (c. AD 870s)

SiO2 (wt %)

64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80

K 2O (w

t%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Hässeldalen (c. 11,350 BP)Askja-S (c. 10,400 BP)Høvdarhagi (c. 9725 BP)Skopun (c. 9725 BP)Suduroy (c. 8000 BP)SILK-A1 (c. 7100 BP)

SiO2 (wt %)

64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80

K 2O (w

t%)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Hässeldalen (c. 11,350 BP)Askja-S (c. 10,400 BP)Høvdarhagi (c. 9725 BP)Skopun (c. 9725 BP)Suduroy (c. 8000 BP)SILK-A1 (c. 7100 BP)

Katla

Veidivötn

Grímsvötn

AskjaSILK

Katla,”Vedde type”

Snæf.?Torfajökull

Basaltiska tefror(Veidivötn, Grímsvötn

& Katla)

Ryolitiska tefror(Askja, Katla &

Torfajökull)

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Tyngdseparering av tefra (Turney, 1998)

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Vedde-askan

Borrobol-askan

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Tefrautbredning under den senaste istidens slutfas (Lind, 2014)

Viktiga hjälpmedel för datering av sediment och jämförelser av klimatvariationer

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Tefra i den grönländska inlandsisen

Iskärneförrådet, Köpenhamn, Danmark

Basaltiskt tefralager från Katla, NGRIP-iskärnan, ca 29.100 BP

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Fosen-tefran, ny tefra från tidig holocen (10.200 BP),

Lind m fl. (2013)

Larsen, 2014

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

By Bjarki Sigursveinsson [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Eyjafjallajökull, april 2010

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Eyjafjallajökull

“Glaciären på bergennära öarna”

Uttalas ungefär så här:A-yah-fyaddla-yoekuddlEnkelt!!

Västmannaöarna

Eyjafjallajökull

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Eyjafjallajökull

Δ StratovulkanΔ Täcks av glaciär

(nr. 6 på Island)

Δ Fyra utbrott i historisktid: 920, 1620, 1821-23 & 2010 (störst)

Δ Samtliga utom 2010 har följts av Katla

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

2018-05-23 / Stefan Wastegård, Inst. för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi

Efter Gudmundsdóttir, 2010

Vulkansystem på Island

KatlaKatla

HeklaHekla

AskjaAskjaSnæfellsjökullSnæfellsjökull

GrímsvötnGrímsvötnReykjavík

EyjafjallajökullEyjafjallajökull

TorfajökullTorfajökull

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Utbrott i historisk tid (fr. 870-talet e.Kr.)

1. Katla, 23 utbrott (1918)2. Grímsvötn, 21 utbrott (2011)3. Hekla, 18 utbrott (2000)

Kända stora utbrott:Öræfajökull 1362Veidivötn 1477Laki 1783

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

VEI = Volcanic Explosivity Index(jmf. Richterskalan)

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Pågående utbrott

● Kilauea, Hawaii, USA● Karymsky, Kamtjatka, Ryssland● Kirishima, Japan

● Dukono, Indonesien● Reventador, Ecuador● m fl

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Eyjafjallajökull 2010

● Fas 1, 21 mars-8 april● Fimmvörđuhals, mellan

Eyjafjallajökull och Katla

● VEI 1● Turistvänligt utbrott

Foto: Henrik Thorburn(Wikimedia Commons)

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Eyjafjallajökull 2010

● Fas 2, 14 april-20 maj● Explosiv fas● VEI 4

● Flygkaos i Europa

17 april 2010(David Karna, Wikimedia commons)

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Eyjafjallajökull 2010

● Fas 2, 14 april-20 maj● Eruptionskolumnen når 13 km● Jetströmmar för askan mot

Europa● Stor påverkan på flygtrafiken;

stora delar av luftrummet stängt 15-23 april

Komposit-bild av askmolnetsutbredning 14-25 april 2010

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Eyjafjallajökull 2010

Ask-partikel från Belfast, insamlad under fas 2

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Eyjafjallajökull 2010

● Fas 3, 21 maj-oktober 2010

● Avslutningsfas

● VEI 0-1● Ingen påverkan på

luftrummet

17 juni 2010(foto: Stefan Wastegård)

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Aska till försäljning…

17 juni 2010, två månader efter den explosiva fasen

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Askja 1875, 29-30 mars 1875

Foto: Henrik Thorburn(Wikimedia Commons)

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute

Laki 1783-1784● Fissure eruption under 8

månader, VEI 6● Giftiga gaser

● Hungersnöd; boskapsdöd● Giftig dimma spreds över

Europa

● Franska revolutionen?Foto: Chmee2/Valtameri (Wikimedia Commons)

Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute