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VITAMIN. ORGANIC COMPOUND: 1.COMPONENT OF NATURAL FOOD DISTINCT FROM CH, FAT,PROTEIN, AND WATER 2.PRESENT IN NORMAL FOODS IN MINUTE AMOUNT 3.ESSENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL TISSUE AND FOR NORMAL HEALTH, GROWTH, MAINTENANCE 4.WHEN ABSENT CAUSE A SPECIFIC DEFICIENCY DISEASE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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VITAMIN
ORGANIC COMPOUND:1.COMPONENT OF NATURAL FOOD DISTINCT FROM CH, FAT,PROTEIN, AND WATER2.PRESENT IN NORMAL FOODS IN MINUTE AMOUNT3.ESSENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL TISSUE AND FOR NORMAL HEALTH, GROWTH, MAINTENANCE4.WHEN ABSENT CAUSE A SPECIFIC DEFICIENCY DISEASE5.CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED BY THE HOST
THE VITAMINS HAVE NO CHEMICAL RESEMBLANCE TO EACH OTHER,BUT BECAUSE OF A SIMILAR GENERAL FUNCTION IN METABOLISMTHEY ARE CONSIDERED TOGETHER
ALPHABET NOMENCLATURE BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE
Vitamins
• Organic compounds needed for growth and good health
• They are crucial in helping the body use nutrients and often function as coenzymes
• Only vitamins D, K, and B are synthesized in the body; all others must be ingested
• Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract – B12 additionally requires gastric intrinsic factor to
be absorbed
Vitamins
• Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed with their digestion products
• Vitamins A, C, and E also act in an antioxidant cascade
Vitamins
• The word "vitamin" comes from vita, the Latin for "life". Everybody must eat a certain amount of vitamins to stay healthy.
• Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods.
• If people live on a very limited range of foods they may not get their proper share of vitamins
VITAMIN
VITAMIN AVITAMIN DVITAMIN EVITAMIN K
THIAMINERIBOFLAVINPYRIDOXINE
PANTOTHENIC ACIDFOLIC ACID
CHOLINEBIOTIN
CYANOCOBALAMINASCORBIC ACID
FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE
VITAMIN METABOLIC ACTIVITY DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMA (retinol, retinal. Retinoic acid) 1. OXIDATION-REDUCTION
ACTIVITY, VISUAL CYCLE2. NECESSARY FOR NORMAL
SYNTHESIS OF CHONDROITIN SULFATE
CATTLE AND PIG: SKIN CONDITION, XEROPHTHALMIA.
POULTRY: RETARDED GROWTH, HIGH MORTALITY
D (Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol)
ABSORPTION OF Ca FROM INTESTINE
NECESSARY FOR CALCIFICATION OF BONE MATRIX
YOUNG ANIMAL: RICKETS OLD ANIMAL:
OSTEOMALACIA
E (Alpha tocopherol) INHIBITS AUTOXIDATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
MOST ANIMAL: FAIL TO REPRODUCE
YOUNG CATTLE AND LAMB: MUSCLE DEGERATION
CHICK: CEREBRAL DEGENARATION
K (Phylloquinine) NECESSARY FOR THE HEPATIC SYNTHESIS OF PROCONVERTIN
CHICKS: DELAYED CLOTTING TIME OF BLOOD
VITAMIN
SUMMARY OF THE METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF VITAMINS
VITAMIN METABOLIC ACTIVITY DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMB1 (Thiamine) DECARBOXYLATION OF
PYRUVIC ACID TRANSKETOLASE
REACTION OF HEXOSEMONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT
EMACIATION, WEAKNESS, AND NERVOUS DISORDER (POLYNEURITIS OF CHICK)
B2 (Riboflavin) BIOSYNTHESIS OF FLAVIN NUCLEOTIDE (FAD, FMN)
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION
PIGS: RETARDED GROWTH, SKIN CONDITION, EYE DISEASES
CHICK: CURLED TOE PARALYSIS
NICOTINAMIDE COMPONENT OF PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES (DPN, TPN)
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION
PIGS: POOR GROWTH, ENTERITIS, DERMATITIS
DOGS: BLACKTONGUE
VITAMIN METABOLIC ACTIVITY DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMB6 (Pyridoxine) AMINO ACID
METABOLISM ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE
PIGS: ANEMIA AND CONVULSION
CHICK: SLOW GROWTH, CONVULSIONS
PANTOTHENIC ACID COMPONENT OF ACETYLCOENZYME A
ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN
PIGS: SLOW GROWTH, SKIN CONDITION, GOOSE STEP
CHICKS: SLOW GROWTH, DERMATITIS
FOLIC ACID CO-FACTOR IN ACTIVE METHYL or ONE CARBON METABOLISM
RARE IN FARM ANIMAL BUT WILL CAUSE ANEMIA AND POOR GROWTH
CHOLINE NECESSARY FOR SYNTHESIS OF LECITHIN
LIPID METABOLISM
SLOW GROWTH, FATTY LIVER
VITAMIN METABOLIC ACTIVITY DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM
BIOTIN NECESSARY FOR THE INCORPORATION OF CO2 INTO ORGANIC COMPOUND
DERMATITIS AND WEIGHT LOSS
B12 (Cyanocobalamin) GLUTAMIC ACID METABOLISM
SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEIC ACID
ALL ANIMAL: SLOW GROWTH, WASTING SICKNESS IN CATTLE
C (Ascorbic acid) OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION
FARM ANIMALS DO NOT REQUIRE THIS VITAMIN
VITAMIN A(RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID)
1913 McCOLLUM and DAVIS RAT FAILED TO GROW1931 KARRER ISOLATED FROM FISH OIL1940 SYNTHETIC BECOME COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
VITAMIN A ESTER(STORAGE)
RETINOL(TRANSPOT)
RETINAL RETINOIC ACID
INACTIVE PRODUCT
VISUAL PIGMENT
LIGHT DARKSCOTOPSIN
VITAMIN A(RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID)
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM1.VITAMIN A AND VISION
11-CIS-RETINOL(IN BLOOD)
TRANS RETINOL
11-CIS-RETINAL TRANS RETINAL + SCOTOPSIN
RHODOPSIN
IN DARK + SCOTOPSIN IN LIGHT
ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE
VIT A ISOMERASE
VITAMIN A(RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID)
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM2.VITAMIN A IN REPRODUCTION
IN FEMALE: RETINOL OR RETINAL IS REQUIRED FOR MAINTENANCE OFTHE PLACENTA IN THE SECOND HALF OF GESTATION (22d). DEFICIENCYNECROSIS OF THE PLACENTAL DISK, RESORPTION OF THE FOETUSIN MALE: FAILURE OF SPERMATOGENESIS
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM3.SYNTHESIS OF MPS
ACTIVATION OF SULFAT MOLECULE WHICH IS ELEMENT OF MPSRESPIRATORYCOLD AND SINUS TROUBLEALIMENTARY TRACT DIARRHOEAGENITO-URINARY TRACTBLADDER STONEREPRODUCTIONABNORMAL REPRODUCTION
VITAMIN A(RETINOL, RETINAL RETINOIC ACID)
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM4.DEVELOPMENT OF BONE
ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLAST AND OSTEOBLASTBLINDNESS IN CALVES (OPTIC NERVE)DEAFNESS IN DOGS (AUDITORY NERVE)
VITAMIN D(ERGOCALCIFEROL AND CHOLECALCIFEROL
1650 GLISSON (ENGLAND)1918 MELLANBY: RICKET IN DOG BY GIVING MILK ONLY1919 HULDSCHINSKY: RACHITIC CHILDREN BY ULTRAVIOLET RAY1931 ANGUS: ERGOSTEROLD2; 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL D3
METABOLIC FUNCTION:1.ABSORPTION OF Ca AND P FROM INTESTINAL TRACT2.REABSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE FROM KIDNEY TUBULAR3.INCREASE ACTIVITY OF ENZYME PHYTASE IN RAT INTESTINE4.STIMULATE INCORPORATE OF P INTO PHOSPOLIPID OF INTESTINAL MUCOSA
VITAMIN D(ERGOCALCIFEROL AND CHOLECALCIFEROL
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:RICKETENLARGED JUNCTION BETWEEN BONE AND CARTILAGES CURVATURE OF THE BONE IN SEVERE CASESOSTEOMALACIAREABSORPTIONPOULTRYBONES AND BEAK BECOME SOFT AND RUBBERY GROWTH RETARDED, LEG BECOME BOWED
POTENCY:CATLE, SHEEP, PIG D2 =D3POULTRY D2 1/35 D3
VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)
1920 MATTIL and CONKLIN: MILK + YEAST + Fe UNABLE BEAR YOUNG1922 BISHOP and EVANS: FACTOR X FOR NORMAL REPRODUCTION1936 EVANS: ISOLATED VITAMIN E FROM WHEAT GERM OIL
TOCOPHEROL TOKOS + PHERO
THERE ARE ABOUT 8 NATURALLY OCCURING TOCOPHEROL ANDTOCOTRIENOL, ALL HAVE THE SAME PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES.TOCOPHEROLS ARE YELLOW, OILY LIQUID, REMARKABLY STABLE TOHEAT AND ACIDS BUT NO ALKALINE.
VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)
TOCOPHEROLS ARE LARGELY FOUND IN WHEAT GERM OIL AND OTHERGERM OIL PORTION. IN ANIMAL BODY FOUND IN BODY FAT, IN HEARTMUSCLE, α-TOCOPHEROL FOUND IN MITOCHONDRIA
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION: 1) PROTECTING OTHER NUTRIENT LIKE VIT A AS WELL AS SATURATED FATTY ACIDS FROM DESTRUCTIVE OXIDATION,2) PARTICIPATE IN NORMAL TISSUE RESPIRATION: a) CYTOCHROME REDUCTASE SYSTEM, b) PROTECT LIPID STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIAFROM OXIDATION DESTRUCTION 3) AIDS THE NORMAL PHOSPORYLATIONOF CREATINE PHOSPHATE AND ATP 4) INVOLVE IN THE SYNTHESIS OFASCORBIC ACID, AND IN METABOLISM OF NUCLEIC ACID AND SAA
CONDITION ANIMAL TISSUE AFFECTED
PREVENTED BY
VITAMIN E
SELENIUM
REPRODUCTIVE FAILURE
FEMALE: RAT, HEN, TURKEY
VASCULAR SYSTEM OF EMBRYO
YES NO
EMBRYONIC DEGENERATION
EWE N O YES
STERILITY MALE : RAT, GUINEA PIG, HAMSTER, DOG, COCK
MALE GONADS YES NO
REPRODUCTIVE
VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)
VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)
CONDITION ANIMALTISSUE
AFFECTED
PREVENTED BYVITAMIN E SELENIUM
LIVER NECROSIS
RAT, PIG LIVER YES YES
ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION
RAT, CHICK RBC HAEMOLYSIS
YES NO
BLOOD PROTEIN LOSS
CHICK, TURKEY
SERUM ALBUMIN YES YES
ENCEPHALO-MALACIA
CHICK CEREBELLUM YES NO
EXUDATHIVE DIATHESIS
CHICK TURKEY
CAPILLARY WALL
YES YES
KIDNEY DEGERATION
RAT, MONKEY, MINK
TUBULAR EPHITELIUM
YES YES
STEATITIS MINK, PIG, CHICK
DEPOT FAT YES YES
LIVER, BLOOD, CAPILLARIES, BRAIN
CONDITION ANIMALTISSUE
AFFECTED
PREVENTED BYVITAMIN E SELENIUM
NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
RABBIT, GUINEA PIG, DUCK, CHICK, TURKEY
SKELETAL MUSCLE
YES NO
STIFF LAMB LAMB, KID SKELETAL MUSCLE
YES YES
WHITE MUSCLE DISEASE
CALF, SHEEP, MOUSE, MINK
SKELETAL AND HEART MUSCLE
YES YES
MYOPATHY OF GIZZARD
TURKEY GIZZARD, HEART, SKELETAL MUSCLE
YES YES
VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)
NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHIES
VITAMIN E SOURCESFEED STUFFS α-TOCOPHEROL
(mg/100g)WHEAT 145SUNFLOWER SEED, WHOLE 13CLOVER, DEHYDRATED 10ALFALFA MEAL, DEHYDRATED 7-25
RICE, BROWN 1-2SWEET POTATOES 4-10BONE MEAL 0.05FISH MEAL 0.8-2.0
VITAMIN E(TOCOPHEROL, ANTI STERILITAS, ANTI OKSIDANT)
VITAMIN K(PHYLLOQUINONE, PRENYLMENAQUINONE, MENADIONE
1935 DAM: GREEN LEAVES HAEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME1939 DAM: PURIFIED COMPOUND WAS ISOLATED FROM ALFALFADANISH WORD
FACTORS AFFECTING REQUIREMENT:1) THE AVAILABILITY, 2) ITS STABILITY IN FEED, 3) INTESTINALSYNTHESIS, 4) ABSORBABILITY, 5) ITS DESTRUCTION IN GIT, 6) INTERFERENCE WITH METABOLIC ACTIVITY EG DICOUMAROL
CHEMICAL NATURE:PHYLLOQUINONE: IN ALL GREEN LEAFY MATERIALPRENYLMENAQUINONE: INTESTINAL MICROBIAL SYNTHESISMENADIONE: SYNTHESIS
VITAMIN K(PHYLLOQUINONE, PRENYLMENAQUINONE, MENADIONE
1.PLATELET FACTOR + PLASMA PROTEIN PLASMA THROMOPLASTIN
2.PLASMA THROMBOPLASTIN + PROTHROMBIN + CONVERTIN THROMBIN
3.FIBRINOGEN + THROMBINE FIBRIN + PEPTIDE
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:AVIAN SPECIES: HAEMORRHAGESRUMINANT: SWEET CLOVER POISONING
VITAMIN K(PHYLLOQUINONE, PRENYLMENAQUINONE, MENADIONE
VITAMIN K SOURCES
FEED STUFFS (mg/100g)
CABBAGE 250
CAUILIFLOWER 275
SPINACH 334
GRASS MEAL 20
SOYBEANS 190
WHEAT BRAN 80
VITAMIN C(ASCORBIC ACID
1928 SZENT GYORGYI: ORANGE JUICE, CABBAGE JUICE, ADRENAL CORTEX
HEXURONIC ACID
MAN, MONKEY, FRUIT BAT, GUINEA PIG: DIETARY SOURCE
VITAMIN C(ASCORBIC ACID
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:1)COLLAGEN FORMATION, 2) CONVERTION FOLIC ACID INTO TETRA-HYDROFOLIC ACID (ACTIVE), 3) INVOLVED IN HYDROXYLATION OFPROLINE, LYSINE, AND ANILINE FOR NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF THEANIMAL, 4) AIDS IRON TO STAY IN REDUCED STATE
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:SCURVY, WEAKNESS, SWOLLEN TENDOR JOINT, DELAYED HEALINGOF WOUND. HAEMORRHAGIC GUMS
EIJKMANN – BATAVIA – POLYNEURITIS1926 JANSEN AND DONATH: PURE FORM1936 WILLIAMS: IDENTIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS
CHEMISTRY OF THIAMINE:PYRIMIDINE AND THIAZOLE RINGHYDROXYL GROUP EASILY FORM ESTER WITH PHOSPHORUS OF ATP TPP
VITAMIN B1(THIAMINE, ANEURINE)
DEFICIENCY DISEASES:NUMBNESS OF THE LEGS—PAIN IN THE CALF MUSCLE—SEVERE EXHAUSTION—EMACIATITON—PARALYSISDIFFICULTY IN BREATHING, ENLARGEMENT OF THE RIGHT SIDEOF THE HEART—DECREASE HEART BEATPERIPHERAL NEURITIS—CONTRACTION OF THE FEET AND SEVEREWEAKNESS OF THE WRISTSTHE BRAIN MAY BE AFFECTED—CEREBRAL BERIBERIPOLYNEURITIS (UNTHRIFITINESS—PARALYSIS—CONVULSION)BIRDS:CHARACTERISTIC PARALYSIS OF THE NECK MUSCLE—STAR-GAZING ATTITUDE
PIRUVATE – LACK OF COCARBOXYLASE – LACTIC ACID
VITAMIN B1(THIAMINE, ANEURINE)
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:
THIAMINE, IN THE FORM OF THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE (THIAMINEPYROPHOSPHATE—TPP) IS THE COENZYME FOR DECARBOXYLATIONOF KETO ACID
SOURCES:YEAST, GRAINS, EGG YOLK, LIVER, KIDNEY
VITAMIN B1(THIAMINE, ANEURINE)
VITAMIN B2(RIBOFLAVIN
)
IN THE EARLY DAYS, IT WAS BELIEVED THAT THE ANTIBERIBERIFACTOR REPRESENTED A SINGLE VITAMINAFTER THIAMINE WAS ISOLATED, IT BECAME CLEAR THAT AT LEASTTWO FACTORS WERE INVOLVED, A HEAT LABILE (TRUE ANTIBERIBERIVITAMIN) AND HEAT STABLE (RAT GROWTH). THE LATER FOR SOMETIMEWAS THOUGHT TO BE ONLY ONE SUBSTANCE—VITAMIN B2 (GREATBRITAIN)—VITAMIN G (US)—LATER IDENTIFIED AS RIBOFLAVIN,PYRIDOXIN, NICOTINIC ACID AND PANTOTHENIC ACID)
EGG WHITEOVOFLAVINMILKLACTOFLAVINLIVER HEPATOFLAVINRIBOFLAVIN— DIMETHYL-ISOALLOXAZINE AND RIBOSE
VITAMIN B2(RIBOFLAVIN
)
RIBOFLAVIN: PROSTHETIC PART OF SOME ENZYME (CYTOCHROMEREDUCTASE, DIAPHORASE, XANTHINE OXIDASE, L/D AA OXIDASE,HISTAMINASE etc—OXIDATION REDUCTION IN CELL RESPIRATION(ESSENTIAL ENZYME FOR GROWTH AND TISSUE REPAIR
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:CHEILOSIS, SOMATITIS, GLOSITIS, DERMATITIS, CURLED TOE PARALYSIS
SOURCES:WIDELY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE PLANT AND ANIMALKINGDOM. MILK, LIVER, KIDNEY, HEART ARE EXCELLENT SOURCESANAEROBIC FERMENTING BACTERIA VERY RICH SOURCES
NIACIN AND NIACINAMIDE
FORMERLY: NICOTINIC ACID and NICOTINIC ACID AMID1914 FUNK: ISOLATED FROM RICE POLISHING1935 WARBURG and CHRISTIAN: COMPONENT OF NADP1938 ELVEHJEM et al.:NIACINAMIDE ISOLATED FROM LIVER WASABLE TO CURE BLACK TONGUE IN DOGSNIACIN: PELAGRA-PREVENTIVE FACTOR
CHEMICAL NATURE:
NIACIN AND NIACINAMIDE
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:COMPONENT OF 2 COENZYMES: 1)DPN ( or COENZYME I, NAD)2)TPN (or COENZYME II = NADP)PRIMARY ACTION OF THESE TWO COENZYMES IS TO REMOVEHYDROGEN FROM SUBSTRATE AS DEHYDROGENASE ENZYMESAND TRANSFER HYDROGEN TO ANOTHER SUBSTRATE
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:BLACK TONGUE (FOWLS)PELLAGRA ( SLOW GROWTH, POOR HAIR & SKIN CONDITION,VOMITING, DIARRHOEA, TICKENING OF LARGE INTESTINE, HIGHWHITE CELL COUNT IN BLOOD
NIACIN AND NIACINAMIDE
SOURCES:GOOD SOURCE: YEAST, LEAN MEAT, LIVER, POULTRYMEDIUM SOURCE: MILK , TOMATOE, GREEN LEAVETRYPTOPHANNIACIN (60 mg1mg)
PYRIDOXINE(VIT B6, ADERMIN, VIT
H)
1934 GYORGY: PART OF VIT B COMPLEX RESPONSIBLE FORDERMATITIS IN RATSCALINESS OF PAW AND MOUTH1938 KERESTEZY: ISOLATION AND SYNTHESIS1945: PYRIDOXAL AND PYRIDOXAMINE
METABOLIC FUNCTION:COENZYMES FOR DECARBOXYLATION, DEAMINATION OFSERINE AND THREONINE, TRANSAMINATION, TRANSULFURATION,DESULFURATION OF CYSTEINE
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:CHICK: CONVULSIONHEN: REDUCE EGG PROD AND HATCHABILITYPIG: ANOREXIA, ROUGHNESS OF HAIR, GOOSE STEP, CONVULSION
SOURCES:YEAST, MAIZE, WHEAT, MILK, EGG, GREEN LEAF
PYRIDOXINE(VIT B6, ADERMIN, VIT
H)
PANTOTHENIC ACID
PURIFIED FROM LIVER AND YEAST ALONG WITH PYRIDOXINEADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHYPYRIDOXINEFILTRATE PANTOTHENIC ACID1938 WILLIAMS: ISOLATED1940 MERK & Co: SYNTHESIZED
CHEMICAL NATURE:CONDENSATION PRODUCT OF ALANINE AND PANTOIC ACID(OH AND CH3 SUBSTITUTED BUTYRIC ACID)
PANTOTHENIC ACID
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:PROSTETIC GROUP OF Co A (REVERSIBLE ACETYLATIONREACTION ON CH, FAT, and AA METABOLISM FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE IN THE METABOLISM OF ALL CELLS
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:AFFECT MAINLY ON 3 TISSUES: 1) NERVE (LESION AND DEMYELINATION, 2) ADRENAL GLAND (CoA IS PRECURSOR OFCHOLESTEROLSTEROID HORMON, 3) SKINDERMATITISIN CHICK: RETARDED GROWTH, DERMATITIS, FATTY LIVERCONDITION, SUBCUTANEOUS HAEMORRHAGE, “GOOSE STEP WALK”
SOURCES: GOOD:EGG YOLK, KIDNEY, LIVER, YEASTFAIR: SKIMMED MILK, SWEET POTATOE, MOLASSES
FOLIC ACID(FOLACIN)
1931 WILLS: MACROCYTIC ANEMIA OF PREGNANT WOMAN INBOMBAYNAMES PREVIOUSLY APPLIED: VIT M (haematopoetic factor for monkey),VIT B6 (chick growth factor), FACTOR R (bacterial growth factor), and VIT B10, VIT B11THE NAME FOLIC ACID WAS PROPOSED BY MITCHELL, 1941 FORA COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM SPINACH NECESSARY FOR GROWTH OF Streptococcus faecalis R
FOLIC ACID(FOLACIN)
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:CARRIER FOR SINGLE CARBON GROUP EITHER FORMYL (-CHO),FORMATE (H.COOH), OR HYDROXYMETHYL (-CH2OH)
FOLIC ACID(FOLACIN)
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOM:PIG: MACROCYTIC ANEMIA, LIPOPENIACHICK: POOR GROWTH, POOR FEATHERING, DEPIGMENTATION,ANEMIC, PEROSIS
VITAMIN B12(CYANOCOBALAMIN)
1926 MINOT and MURPHY: EFFICACY OF LIVER IN THE TRATMENTOF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA1948 RICKES (US) and PARKER (ENGLAND): ISOLATEDVIT B12ANIMAL PROTEIN FACTOR
CHEMICAL NATURE:CYANIDE GROUP COULD BE REPLACED BY A VARIETY OF ANION egHYDROXYL (HYDROXY COBALAMIN/B12a), NITRITE (NITROCOBA-LAMIN/B12c)
METABOLIC FUNCTION:METABOLISM OF ONE CARBON GROUPCONVERSION OF RIBOSE TO DEOXYRIBOSEERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION
BIOTIN
RAT FED RAW EGG WHITE DEVELOPED ECZEMA-LIKE DERMATITIS1942 DUVIGNEAUD PUBLISHED ITS STRUCTURE1943 HARRIS SYNTHESIS d-BIOTIN
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION:COENZYME FOR CARBOXYLASES, WHICH CATALYZE CO2 FIXATIONOr CARBOXYLATION, eg ACETYL-CoA CARBOXYLASE WHICH CATALYZETHE REACTION OF CARBOXYLATION IN THE FIRST STEP OFNON-MITOCONDRIAL PATHWAY FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS
DEFICIENCY:SCALY DERMATITIS, ANOREXIASOURCE:ROYAL JELLY, LIVER, YEAST, MOLASSES,PEANUT
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