View
213
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Virtual Memory Modern Operating systems can run programs that
require more memory than the system has If your CPU is 32-bit, meaning that it has registers
that are 32-bits, you can access up to 4G Which means you would need 4Gb of RAM in order
to take advantage of this Although many systems are currently available
with 512MB Usually memory requirements of the programs
you are running, reach far beyond the physical memory you have.
Usually we don't notice any performance problems.
So, how is this possible?
1Virtual Memory
Virtual Memory
• To solve this problem OS uses something called virtual memory
• It is virtual because it can use more that you actually have.
• In fact, with virtual memory you can use the whole 232 bytes.
• Basically, what this means is that you can run more programs at once without the need for buying more memory.
• E.g, in Linux OS if you have more data than physical memory, the system store it temporarily on the hard disk if not needed at the moment.
• Process of moving data to and from the disk is called swapping.
2Virtual Memory
Main Idea
• All memory transfers are only between consecutive levels (e.g. VM to main memory, main memory to cache).
Virtual Memory
(residing on disk)
Main Memory
System Cache
Is cached by
Is cached by
3Virtual Memory
Cache vs. VM
• Concept behind VM is almost identical to concept behind cache.
• But different terminology!– Cache: Block VM: Page
– Cache: Cache Miss VM: Page Fault
• Caches implemented completely in hardware.• VM implemented in software, with hardware support from
CPU.• Cache speeds up main memory access, while main memory
speeds up VM access.
4Virtual Memory
Virtual Memory Design
• Main Memory at Virtual Memory are both divided into fixed size pages.– Page size is typically about 16KB to 32KB.
– Large page sizes are needed as these can be more efficiently transferred between main memory and virtual memory.
– Size of physical pagephysical page ALWAYS equal to size of virtual pagevirtual page.
• Pages in main memory are given physical page numbersphysical page numbers, while pages in virtual memory are given virtual page numbersvirtual page numbers. – I.e. First 32KB of main memory is physical page 0, 2nd 32KB is
physical page 1 etc.
– First 32KB of virtual memory is virtual page 0, etc.
5Virtual Memory
Virtual Memory Design
• In cache, we can search through all the blocks until we find the data for the address we want.– This is because the number of blocks is small.
• This is extremely impractical for virtual memory!– The number of VM pages is in the tens of thousands!
6Virtual Memory
Solution
• Use a look up table.• The addresses generated by the CPU is called the virtual
address.
• The virtual address is divided into a page offset and a virtual page number:
Virtual Page Number Page Offset
• The virtual page number indicates which page of virtual memory the data that the CPU needs is in.
7Virtual Memory
Solution…cont
• The data must also be in physical memory before it can be used by the CPU!
• Need a way to translate between the virtual page number where the data is in VM, to the page number of the physical page where the data is in physical memory.
• To do this, use Virtual Page Table.– Page TablePage Table resides in main memory.
– One entry per virtual page. Can get VERY large as the number of virtual pages can be in the tens of thousands.
8Virtual Memory
Virtual Page Table
1. Gives the physical page (frame) # of a virtual page, if that page is in memory.
2. Gives location on disk if virtual page is not yet in main memory.
VM (on Disk Space)
page0
page1
page2
page3
page4
page5
Virtual Memory Table
frame0
frame1
frame2
frame3
Physical Memory
9Virtual Memory
Page Table Contents
• The page table also contains a Valid Bit (V) to indicate if the
virtual page is in main memory (V=1) or still on disk (V=0).
1
(2,1,7)0
2
(7,2,9)1
01
1
031
page0page1
page2page3page4
page5
• If a page is in physical memory (V=1), then the page table gives the Frame #.
• Otherwise it gives the location of the page on disk , in
the form (side#, track#, block#). 10Virtual Memory
Accessing Data
• To retrieve data:1. Extract the Virtual Page Number from the Virtual
Address
Virtual Page Number (e.g. 02) Page Offset
Virtual Page Number (e.g. 02) Page Offset
11Virtual Memory
Accessing Data
2. Use the page to look up the page table. If V=1, get the frame from the page table:
1
(2,1,7)0
2
(7,2,9)1
01
1
031
page0page1
page2page3page4
page5
page = 2frame=0
Here virtual page#2 mapped to frame#0.
12Virtual Memory
Accessing Data
3. Combine the frame found with the page offset to form the physical memory address:
Physical Page Number 0 Page Offset
Phyiscal Page Number 0 Page Offset
Physical Address
13Virtual Memory
Accessing Data
4. Access main memory using the physical address.
– A page consists of many bytes (e.g. 32KB)
– The page offset tells us exactly which byte of these 32KB we are accessing.
• Similar to the idea of block offset and byte offset in caches
14Virtual Memory
Page Fault
• What if the page we want is not in main memory yet?What if the page we want is not in main memory yet?
1. In this case, V=0, and the page table contains the disk address of the page (e.g. page1 in the previous example is still at side 2, track 1, block 7 (2,1,7) of the disk.
2. Find a free physical page
- if none are available, apply a replacement policy (e.g. LRU) to find one.
3. Load the virtual page into the physical page.
- Set the V flag, and update the page table to show which physical page the virtual page has gone to.
15Virtual Memory
DiskDisk
Example: 2 blocks cache, 4bytes/block
VA space=8 pages &32 Byte/page VA= 3bits(page#) + 5-bit(offset)
load 32
load 40load 00101 0 00C-MissC-Miss
C-MissC-Miss
Index Valid Tag Data
0 N
1 NY 00100 Memory[000100 0 00]
load 00100 0 00
Page Index Valid Frame number
0 N
1 N
... NY 111
001 00000
Virtual Page Number Page offset
MemoryMemory
Y 00101 Memory[000101 0 00]
P-FaultP-Fault
P- Hit!P- Hit!
001 01000
17Virtual Memory
Example
Suppose we have
32 bit virtual address (232 bytes) 4096 bytes per page (212 bytes)4 bytes per page table entry (22 bytes)
What is the total page table size?
entries22
2entriestablepageofNumber 20
12
32
MB4bytes2bytes2entries2tablepageofSize 22220
4 Megabytes just for page tables!! Too Big 18Virtual Memory
Writing to VM
• Writes to Virtual Memory is always done on a write-back basis.
• To support write-back, the page-table must be augmented with a dirty-bit (D).
• This bit is set if the page is updated in physical memory.
19Virtual Memory
Writing to VM
• Here virtual page#2page#2 was updated in physical frame#0frame#0.
• If frame#0frame#0 is ever replaced, its contents must be written back to disk to update page#2page#2.
1
(2,1,7)0
2
(7,2,9)1
01
1
031
page0page1
page2page3page4
page5
10
01
0
00
1
frame or disk locationVD
20Virtual Memory
Translation Look-aside Buffer• An access to virtual memory requires 2 main memory accesses at
best.– One access to read the page table, another to read the data.
• Remember from the Cache section that main memory is slow
• Fortunately, page table accesses themselves tend to display both temporal and spatial locality!– Temporal Locality: Accesses to the different words in the same page will cause
access to same entry in page table!
– Spatial Locality: Sequential access of data from one virtual page into the next will cause consecutive accesses to page table entries.
• Initially I am at page0, and I access Page Table entry for page0. As I move into page1, I will access Page Table entry for page1, which is next to page table entry for page0!
21Virtual Memory
Translation Look-aside Buffer
• Solution:– Implement a cache for the page table! This cache is called the
translation look-aside buffer, or TLB.
– The TLB is separate from the caches we were looking at earlier.• Those caches cached data from main memory.
• The TLB caches page table entries! Different!
– TLB is small (about 8 to 10 blocks), and is implemented as a fully associative cache.
22Virtual Memory
Translation Look-aside Buffer
• Fully Associative– New page table entries go into the next free TLB block,
or a block is replaced if there are none.
• Note that only page table entries with V=1 are written to the TLB!
• The page table entries already in the TLB are not usually updated, so no need to consider write-through or write-back– Exceptional cases: page aliasing, where more than 1
page can refer to the same Physical Page.
23Virtual Memory
Translation Look-aside Buffer
• The tags used in the TLB is the virtual page number of a virtual address.
• All TLB blocks are searched for the page. If found, we have a TLB hit and the physical page number is read from the TLB. This is joined with the page offset to form the physical address.
• If not found, we have a TLB miss. Then we must go to the page table in main memory to get the page table entry there. Write this entry to TLB.
24Virtual Memory
Translation Look-aside Buffer
• Complication– If we have a TLB miss and go to main memory to get the page
table entry, it is possible that this entry has a V of 0 - page fault.
– In this case we must remedy the page fault first, update the page table entry in main memory, and then copy the page table entry into TLB. The tag portion of TLB is updated to the page of the virtual address.
• Note that the TLB must also have a valid bit V to indicate if the TLB entry is valid (see cache section for more details on the V bit.)
25Virtual Memory
Integration Cache, Main Memory and Virtual Memory
• Suppose a Virtual Address V is generated by the CPU (either from PC for instructions, or from ALU for lw and sw instructions).1. Perform address translation from Virtual Address to Physical
Address
(a) Look up TLB or page table (see previous slides). Remedy page fault if necessary (again, see previous slides).
2. Use the physical address to access the cache (see cache notes).
3. If cache hit, read the data (or instruction) from the cache.
4. If cache miss, read the data from main memory.
26Virtual Memory
Integration Cache, Main Memory and Virtual Memory
• Note that a page-fault in VM will necessarily cause a cache miss later on (since the data wasn’t in physical memory, it cannot possibly be in cache!)
• Can optimize algorithm in event of page fault:1. Remedy the page fault.
2. Copy the data being accessed directly to cache.
3. Restart previous algorithm at step 3.
• This optimization eliminates 1 unnecessary cache access that would definitely miss.
28Virtual Memory
Page Table Size
• A Virtual Memory System was implemented for a MIPS workstation with 128MB of main memory. The Virtual Memory size is 1GB, and each page is 32KB. Calculate the size of the page table.
29Virtual Memory
Page Table Size
• Previous calculation shows that page tables are huge!
• These are sitting in precious main memory space.• Solutions:
– Use inverted page tables• Instead of indexing virtual pages, index physical pages.
• Page table will provide virtual page numbers instead.
• Search page table for the page of address virtual address V. If the page is found in entry 25, then the data can be found in physical page 25.
– Have portions of page table in virtual memory.• Slow, complex
30Virtual Memory
Finer Points of VM
• VM is a collaboration between hardware and OS– Hardware:
• TLB
• Page Table Register– Indicates where the page table is in main memory
• Memory Protection– Certain virtual pages are allocated to processes running in memory.
– If one process tries to access the virtual page of another process without permission, hardware will generate exception.
– This gives the famous “General Protection Fault” of windoze and the “Segmentation Fault” of Unix.
31Virtual Memory
Finer Points of VM
– Hardware• Does address translations etc.
– Operating System• Actually implements the virtual memory system.
– Does reads and writes to/from disk
– Creates the page table in memory, sets the Page Table Register to point to the start of the page table.
– Remedies page faults,updates the page table.
– Remedies VM violations
» Windows: Pops up blue screen of death, dies messily. Sometimes thrashes your hard-disk.
» Unix: Gives “Segmentation Fault”. Kills offending process and continues working.
32Virtual Memory
Finer Points of VM
• Where is the Virtual Memory located on disk?– Virtual memory is normally implemented as a very large file,
created by the OS. E.g. in Windows NT, the virtual memory file is called swapfile.sys
• Insecure. Sometimes sensitive info gets written to swapfile.sys, and you can later retrieve the sensitive info.
• In Unix, implemented as a partition on the disk that cannot be read except by the OS. Unix good. Windows bad.
– Whenever virtual memory is read or written to, the OS actually reads or writes from/to this file.
• Virtual Memory is NOT the other files on your disk (e.g. your JAVA assignment)
33Virtual Memory
Page Tables
Page offsetVirtual page number
Virtual address
Page offsetPhysical page number
Physical address
Physical page numberValid
If 0 then page is notpresent in memory
Page table register
Page table
20 12
18
31 30 29 28 27 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 3 2 1 0
29 28 27 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 3 2 1 0
34Virtual Memory
Making Address Translation Fast• A cache for address translations: translation lookaside buffer
Valid
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
Page table
Physical pageaddressValid
TLB
1
1
1
1
0
1
TagVirtual page
number
Physical pageor disk address
Physical memory
Disk storage
35Virtual Memory
TLBs and caches
Yes
Deliver datato the CPU
Write?
Try to read datafrom cache
Write data into cache,update the tag, and put
the data and the addressinto the write buffer
Cache hit?Cache miss stall
TLB hit?
TLB access
Virtual address
TLB missexception
No
YesNo
YesNo
Write accessbit on?
YesNo
Write protectionexception
Physical address
36Virtual Memory
Recommended