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Video analysis for Human-Computer Interaction
Anders Kluge, The Research Council of Norway
Practical issues: shooting the ’film’
Be as clear as possible on your research questions: What are you after?
Prepare and test What do you want to get?
On micro-level: H-C-Interactions, talk, body movement, gestures, The larger picture: Group dynamics, people positions
Prepare technically Sound! Light Your own role (camera operator, participative observation Have a small technical test
Consider how intrusive you are Move camera? Take own initiatives or only answer questions?
Type of event to be observed
Sanderson and Fisher (1994) : Exploratory Sequential Data Analyses: Foundations. Human-Computer Interaction : Vol. 9. pp 251-317
Issues investigated
How does productive operations (the computer as tool) and expressive operations (the computer as medium) blend in interaction with rich media.
Interaction design – Interaction experience Calls for real life studies on a micro levelThe general goal was to arrive at principles for multimedia interaction design
Material
Interview
Interviews: groups/1 to 1
Questionares
General interference during students project work
Products / Writings
Presentations
The software
Plans for the field trials
General project documents
Observations
Video: 2-3 schools every field trialapprox. 80 hours, not equally distributed
Field notes - my own, master students' other researchers'
Material - development
Interview
Interview: only one group
Questionares Became almost irrelevant
General interference: more specific and towards exceptions
Products / Writings
Presentations:
Filmed as video
Software:
Mainly studied through video
Other documents used sporadically as background material
Observations
Video:Framing: from a larger picture (group) to screen and gestures.Sound important
Field notes – More clearly towards being support for the
video
Video
Make a log (flexible in style)
Video analyses
Select key sequences
Make categories
Make tentative statements
Problem statementsand theory
Sanderson and Fisher (1994) : Exploratory Sequential Data Analyses: Foundations. Human-Computer Interaction : Vol. 9. pp 251-317
Analyses of a sequence
Experience of the presentation in context: The user: "He is in there too long [on the canvas]"
Then she closes the box for timing and moves up to play the scene through from the beginning. When the picture of the man disappears according to the new timing the user says: "But .. he ... he has to be there for a long time ... he has to be there the whole time [the whole scene]"The co-user: "Yes"
...and play through the scene another time.
Timing elements as a numerical operation:
She then selects the picture and opens the box for timing, and see the current timing: "He has to be ... Begins at 0 and ends at 20 [seconds]. What about 10?"The co-user: "Yes ... 10 or less" The user: "7, then"Changes the duration to 7 seconds.
She then go back and change the numbering again
Video Analyses: Some warnings
Easier to collect than to analyse
'Sequence time' vs. 'analysis time’-- between 1:5 and 1:100, or more (!)
An extensive material tend to be contradictory
Considerable 'display challenges'
Video analyses: What's good
A firm ground to base research on"What we call our data are really our own contructions of other people's construtions of what they and their compatriots are up to"
Geertz(1973) Local Knowledge: Further essays in interpretative anthropology. Basic Books New York
A sourch of data to return to, with minimal ’interpretative layer’
New interpretations of existing material is easier with video
Recommended: Sanderson and Fisher: Exploratory Sequential Data Analyses.
Human-Computer Interaction. 1994 Vol 9. Coffey and Atkinson: Making Sense of Qualitative data. SAGE
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