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BANASTHALI UNIVERSITY
Dept. of Electronics & CommunicationsFor the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics & Communications
PROJECT REPORT
GPS BASED VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM
Submitted by:
Neha Agarwal (6045) Guided by
Niharika Rajoriya (6048) C.M.S. Negi
Pooja Chauhan (6050)Poonam Rathore (6051)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity with much pleasure to thank all the people who have
helped us through the course of our journey towards this project.
We sincerely thank our teacher, Dr. Ritu Vijay, for giving us such a wonderful
opportunity to showcase our knowledge that we have gained over the entire
curriculum.
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our teacher,
mentor and supervisor, Mr. CMS Negi, for his guidance, help and motivation.
We are also thankful to our technical guide Mr. Vipan Sharma, who helped us
a lot during the course of our project. We are also grateful to our technician,
Mr. Asutosh Pareek for his help and support in making this project come true.
Neha Agarwal
Niharika Rajoriya
Pooja Chauhan
Poonam Rathore
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Neha Agarwal, Niharika Rajoriya, Pooja Chauhan andPoonam Rathore of B.Tech (EC) 3rd year from BANASTHALI UNIVERSITY has
done the project work entitled GPS BASED VEHICLE TRCKING SYSTEM as a
part of the fulfillment of their degree. The project embodies the original work
done by them during their 6th semester.
Date: April 29, 2011
Mr. CMS Negi H.O.D
Faculty, Dept. of Electronics Dept. of Electronics
Banasthali University Banasthali University
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1. ABSTRACT2. INTRODUCTION3. BLOCK DIAGRAM4. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
a. INTEGRATED CIRCUITSi. AT89S52
ii. Max232b. CONNECTOR RS232c. LCD DISPLAYd. RESISTORSe. CAPACITORSf. GSM MODEM
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM6. CIRCUIT OPERATION7. SOURCE CODE8. BREADBOARD RUNNING9. PCB DESIGNING10. RESULT11.FUTURE SCOPE12.BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ABSTRACT
Of all the applications of GPS (Global Positioning System), vehicle tracking andnavigational systems have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the
common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances, fleets and police vehicles
are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by many
names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System, Vehicle Tracking and
Information System, Mobile Asset Management System, these systems offer
an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of
vehicles.
GPS is used in vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems
enable a base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of
the driver where, as navigation system helps the driver to reach the
destination. Vehicle Tracking Systems combine a number of well-developed
technologies. Irrespective of the technology being used, VTS consist of three
subsystems:
In-vehicle unit (IVU), Base station and Communication link.
The project uses two main underlying concepts. These are GPS (Global
Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The
main application of this system in this context is tracking the vehicle to which
the GPS is connected, giving the information about its position whenever
required and for the security of each person traveling by the vehicle. This is
done with the help of the GPS satellite and the GPS module attached to the
vehicle which needs to be tracked. The GPS antenna present in the GPSmodule receives the information from the GPS satellite in NMEA (National
Marine Electronics Association) format and thus it reveals the position
information. This information got from the GPS antenna has to be sent to the
Base station wherein it is decoded. For this we use GSM module which has an
antenna too. Thus we have at the Base station, the complete data about the
vehicle.
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INTRODUCTION
In this Project it is proposed to design an embedded system which is used fortracking and positioning of any vehicle by using Global Positioning System
(GPS) and Global system for mobile communication (GSM).
In this project AT89S52 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various
hardware peripherals. Embedded C is used for programming the application
software to the microcontroller. The current design is an embedded
application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the
status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an AT89S52 microcontroller is
interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is usedto send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote
place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and
longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many
parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and
displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end
from where the position of the vehicle is demanded.
The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and
GPS Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communicationbetween the modems and the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for
converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232 voltage levels.
When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system
automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of the
vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude.
Major constituents of the GPS based tracking are
1. GPS Tracking Device: The Device Fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS
location information.
2. GPS tracking Server: The tracking server has dual responsibility. One is
receiving data from theGPS tracking unitand securely storing it, and other of
serving this information on demand to the user. It is the intelligence, power
and configuration of GPS tracking server that culminates into usability and
feature support.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
COMPONENTS:
A. GPS MODEMB. GSM MODEMC. MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52D. LDC DISPLAY
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COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
A. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICS)i. AT89S52
Microcontroller is a microprocessor designed specifically for control
applications, and is equipped with ROM, RAM and facilities I / O on a single
chip. AT89S52 is one of the family MCS-51/52 equipped with an internal 8
Kbyte Flash EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory), which
allows memory to be reprogrammed. It is a low-power, high-performance
CMOS 8-bit Microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-systemprogrammable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-
density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus try-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional
nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-
system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a
powerful Microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications
Microcontroller Features:
A CPU (Central Processing Unit) 8 Bit 256 bytes of RAM (Random Access Memory)
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Four-port I/O, which each consist of eight bits
the internal oscillator and timing circuits.
Two timer / counters 16 bits
Five interrupt lines (two fruits and three external interrupt internal
interruptions). A serial port with full duplex UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter).
Able to conduct the process of multiplication, division, and Boolean.
8 KB EPROM for program memory
Maximum speed execution of instructions per cycle is 0.5 s at 24 MHz clock
frequency.
CPU (Central Processing Unit): This section serves to control the entireoperation on the microcontroller. This unit is divided into two parts, the
control unit, or CU (Control Unit) and the arithmetic and logic unit or ALU
(Arithmetic Logic Unit) The main function of control unit is to take instructions
from memory (fetch) and then translate the composition of these instructions
into a simple collection of work processes (decode), and implement instruction
sequence in accordance with the steps that have been determined the
program (execute). Arithmetic and logic unit is the part that deals with
arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and logical data manipulation
operations such as AND, OR, and comparison.
Part Input / Output (I / O): This section serves as a communication tool with a
single chip device outside the system. Consistent with the name, I / O devices
can receive and provide data to / from a single chip. There are two kinds of
device I / O is used, i.e., devices for serial connection UART (Universal
Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) and device for so-called parallel
relationship with the PIO (Parallel Input Output).Both types of I / O has been
available in a single chip AT89S52.
Software: Single flakes MCS-51 family has a special programming language that
is not understood by other types of single flakes. This programming language
known by the name of the assembler language instruction has 256 devices.
However, this can be done with microcontroller programming using C
language. With the C language, microcontroller programming has become
easier, because the C language format will be automatically converted into
assembler language with a hex file format.
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Pin Configuration: AT89S52 microcontroller has 40 pins with a single 5 Volt
power supply
ii. MAX 232The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial
port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The
MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS
signals.
The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single
+ 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it
useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any
voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to
be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.
The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to
standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a
typical hysteresis of 0.5 V. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, itchanges a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15 V, and changes TTL Logic 1 to
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between -3 to -15 V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can
be confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission voltages at a
certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the
same logic state.
Pin Configuration: MAX232 microcontroller has 16 pins with a single 5 Volt
power supply
B. CONNECTOR RS232The RS232 standard describes a communication method where information is
sent bit by bit on a physical channel. The information must be broken up in
data words. The length of a data word is variable. On PC's a length
between 5 and 8 bits can be selected. This length is the net to informationlength of each word. For proper transfer additional bits are added for
synchronization and error checking purposes. It is important, that the
transmitter and receiver use the same number of bits. Otherwise, the data
word may be misinterpreted, or not recognized at all.
Data bits are sent with a predefined frequency, the baud rate. Both the
transmitter and receiver must be programmed to use the same bit frequency.
After the first bit is received, the receiver calculates at which moments the
other data bits will be received. It will check the line voltage levels at thosemoments.
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With RS232, the line voltage level can have two states. The on state is also
known as mark, the off state as space. No other line states are possible. When
the line is idle, it is kept in the mark state.
START BIT: RS232 defines an asynchronous type of communication. Thismeans, that sending of a data word can start on each moment. If starting at
each moment is possible, this can pose some problems for the receiver to
know, which is the first bit to receive. To overcome this problem, each data
word is started with an attention bit. This attention bit, also known as the start
bit, is always identified by the space line level. Because the line is in mark state
when idle, the start bit is easily recognized by the receiver.
DATA BITS: Directly following the start bit, the data bits are sent. A bit
value 1 causes the line to go in mark state, the bit value 0is represented by aspace. The least significant bit is always the first bit sent.
PARITY BIT: For error detecting purposes, it is possible to add an extra bit to
the data word automatically. The transmitter calculates the value of the bit
depending on the information sent. The receiver performs the same
calculation and checks if the actual parity bit value corresponds to the
calculated value. This is further discussed in another paragraph.
STOP BITS: Suppose that the receiver has missed the start bit because of noiseon the transmission line. It started on the first following data bit with a space
value. This causes garbled date to reach the receiver. A mechanism must be
present to resynchronize the communication. To do this, framing is introduced.
Framing means, that all the data bits and parity bit are contained in a frame of
start and stop bits. The period of time lying between the start and stop bits is a
constant defined by the baud rate and number of data and parity bits. The
start bit has always space value, the stop bit always mark value. If the receiver
detects a value other than mark when the stop bit should be present on the
line, it knows that there is a synchronization failure. This causes a framing errorcondition in the receiving UART. The device then tries to resynchronize on new
incoming bits. For resynchronizing, the receiver scans the incoming data for
valid start and stop bit pairs. This works, as long as there is enough variation in
the bit patterns of the data words. If data value zero is sent repeatedly,
resynchronization is not possible for example. The stop bit identifying the end
of a data frame can have different lengths. Actually, it is not a real bit but a
minimum period of time the line must be idle (mark state) at the end of each
word. On PC's this period can have three lengths: the time equal
to 1, 1.5 or 2 bits. 1.5 bits is only used with data words of 5 bits length
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and 2 only for longer words. A stop bit length of 1 bit is possible for all data
word sizes.
Pin 1
Received Line Signal
Detector
(Data Carrier Detect)
RS232 DB9 pinout
Pin 2 Received Data
Pin 3 Transmit Data
Pin 4 Data Terminal Ready
Pin 5 Signal Ground
Pin 6 Data Set Ready
Pin 7 Request To Send
Pin 8 Clear To Send
Pin 9 Ring Indicator
C. LCD DISPLAYFEATURES:
5 x 7 dot matrix format for 2.96 x 5.56 mm characters, plus cursor line Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent) + 5V power supply 1/16 duty cycle B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED) N.V. optional for + 3V power supply Intelligent, with built-in Hitachi HD44780 compatible LCD controller and
RAM providing simple interfacing
61 x 15.8 mm viewing area Can display 224 different symbols Low power consumption (1 mA typical) Powerful command set and user-produced characters TTL and CMOS compatible Connector for standard 0.1-pitch pin headers
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Fig.: LCD Display
D.RESISTORSTheelectrical resistanceof anelectrical elementmeasures its opposition to the
passage of anelectric current. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance,
measuring how easily electricity flows along a certain path. Electrical resistance
shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion offriction.
TheSIunit of electrical resistance is theohm(), while electrical conductance
is measured in Siemens (S).
An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional toitsresistivityand length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area.
All materials show some resistance, except forsuperconductors, which have a
resistance of zero.
The resistance of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across it to current
through it.
For a wide variety of materials and conditions, the electrical
resistance R isconstantfor a given temperature; it does not depend on the
amount of current through or the potential difference (voltage) across the
object. Such materials are called Ohmic materials. For objects made of ohmic
materials the definition of the resistance, with R being a constant for that
resistor, is known as Ohm's law.
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Fig.: Resistors
In the case of a nonlinear conductor (not obeying Ohm's law), this ratio can
change as current or voltage changes; the inverse slope of a chord to an IV
curve is sometimes referred to as a "chordal resistance" or "static resistance".
E. CAPACITORA capacitor(formerly known ascondenser) is a device for storing electric
charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least
two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of
electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of
insulating film.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair
ofconductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential
difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops
across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and
negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to
the potential difference between them.
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Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct
current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for
smoothing the output ofpower supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune
radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes.
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large
areas of conductor. Hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates",
referring to an early means of construction. In practice the dielectric between
the plates passes a small amount ofleakage current and also has an electric
field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and
leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.
Fig.: Capacitor
F. GSM MODEMGSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play modem for direct and easy
integration with RS232, voltage range for the power supply and audio interface
make this device perfect solution for system integrators and single user.
GSM MODEM CHARACTERISTICS
Quad GSM GPRS modem ( GSM 850 /900/1800 / 1900 )
Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications Fully compliant with ETSI GSM Phase 2+ specifications (Normal MS)
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License free Python interpreter with free of charge programming toolsGSM MODEM INTERFACES
RS232 through D-TYPE 9 pin connector, RJ11 for I2C, SPI and GPIO
Power supply through Molex 4 pin connector SMA antenna connector Toggle spring SIM holder Red LED Power on, Green LED status of GSM / GPRS module
GSM MODEM GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Input voltage: 5V-30V
Current: 8mA in idle mode, 150mA in communication GSM 900 @ 12V,110mA in GSM 1800 @ 12V
Temperature range: Operating -30 to +85 degree Celsius; Storage -30 to+85 degree Celsius
Overall dimensions: 80mm x 62mm x 31mm / Weight: 200g
Fig.: GSM modem
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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CIRCUIT OPERATION
GPS pin TX is connected to microcontroller via MAX232. GSM pins TX and RX
are connected to microcontroller serial ports.
Microcontroller communicates with the help of serial communication. First it
takes the data from the GPS receiver and then sends the information to the
owner in the form of SMS with help of GSM modem.
GPS receiver works on 9600 baud rate is used to receive the data from space
Segment (from Satellites), the GPS values of different Satellites are sent to
microcontroller AT89S52, where these are processed and forwarded to GSM.
At the time of processing GPS receives only $GPRMC values only. From these
values microcontroller takes only latitude and longitude values excluding time,altitude, name of the satellite, authentication etc. E.g. LAT: 1728:2470 LOG:
7843.3089 GSM modem with a baud rate 57600.GSM is a Global system for
mobile communication in this project it acts as a SMS Receiver and SMS
sender. EEPROM is an Electrically Erasable read only memory which stores is
used to store the mobile number.
The power is supplied to components like GSM, GPS and Micro control circuitry
using a 12V DC supply from breadboard .GSM requires 12v,GPS and
microcontroller requires 5V with the help of regulators we regulate the powerbetween three components.
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SOURCE CODE
#include
#include
sfr ldata =0xA0;
sfr SBUF0= 0x90;
sfr SBUF1= 0xC1;
sfr SCONO= 0x98;
sfr SCON1= 0xC0;
sbit RIO= 0x98;
sbit RI1= 0xC0;
sbit TI1= 0xC1;
sbit rs = P0^0;
sbit rw = P0^1;
sbit en = P0^2;
char info[32];
char test[6]={"$GPGLL"};
char comma_position[10];
unsigned int check=0,i,j;
// DELAYED FUNCTION
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void delay(unsigned int msec)
{
int i,j ;
for(i=0;i
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{
ldata=value;
rs= 1;
rw=0;
e=1;
delay(1);
e=0;
return;
}
// LCD STRING SENDING FUNCTION
void lcd_string(unsigned char *str)
{
int i=0;
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
lcd_data(str[i]);
i++;
delay(10);
}
return;
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}
// SERIAL PORT 0 SETTING
void serial_data0()
{
TMOD=0x20; //MODE=2
TH1=0xfa; // 4800 BAUD
SCON=0x50; // SERIAL MODE 1 ,8- BIT DATA ,1 STOP BIT ,1 START
BIT , RECEIVING ON
TR1=1; //TIMER START
}
// SERIAL PORT 1 SETTING
void serial_data1()
{
TMOD=0x20; //MODE=2
TH1=0xfd; // 9600 BAUD
SCON=0x50; // SERIAL MODE 1 ,8- BIT DATA ,1 STOP BIT ,1 START
BIT , RECEIVING ON
TR1=1; //TIMER START
}
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// FIND THE COMMA FROM THE GPS DATA
void find_comma()
{
unsigned int i,count=0;
for(i=0;i
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if(info[check]!= test[check])
check=0;
else
check++;
}
else
check++;
RI0=0;
}
// RECEIVED DATA FUNCTION FOR GSM MODEM
void receive_data1()
{
while(RI1==0);
value= SBUF1;
RI1=0;
}
// TO DISPLAY THE NAME OF THE PLACE
void lcd_place()
{
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if(info[32]= "$GPGLL,26o24,N,75o54,E")
lcd_string("BANASTHALI");
else
lcd_string("NOT FOUND");
}
// TO DISPLAY LATITUDE OF THE PLACE
void lcd_latitude()
{
unsigned int c3=comma_position[0];
lcd_cmd(0x01); //Clear LCD display
lcd_cmd(0x84); //Move cursor to position 6 of line 1
lcd_string("LATITUDE"); //Showing latitude
lcd_cmd(0xC0); //Begining of second line
lcd_data(info[c3+1]);
lcd_data(info[c3+2]);
lcd_data(o);
lcd_data(info[c3+3]);
lcd_data(info[c3+4]);
lcd_data(info[c3+5]);
lcd_data(info[c3+6]);
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lcd_data(info[c3+7]);
lcd_data(info[c3+8]);
lcd_data(info[c3+9]);
lcd_data(0x27); //ASCII of minute sign(')
lcd_data(info[c3+10]);
lcd_data(info[c3+11]);
delay(250);
}
//TO DISPLAY LONGITUDE OF THA PLACE
void lcd_longitude()
{
unsigned int c5=comma_position[2];
lcd_cmd(0x01); //Clear LCD display
lcd_cmd(0x84); //Move cursor to position 4 of line 1
lcd_string("LONGITUDE"); //Showing longitude
lcd_cmd(0xC0); //Begining of second line
lcd_data(info[c5+1]);
lcd_data(info[c5+2]);
lcd_data(info[c5+3]);
lcd_data(0);
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lcd_data(info[c5+4]);
lcd_data(info[c5+5]);
lcd_data(info[c5+6]);
lcd_data(info[c5+7]);
lcd_data(info[c5+8]);
lcd_data(info[c5+9]);
lcd_data(info[c5+10]);
lcd_data(0x27); //ASCII of minute sign(')
lcd_data(info[c5+11]);
lcd_data(info[c5+12]);
delay(250);
}
void compare()
{
IE=0x00;
find_comma();
lcd_latitude();
lcd_longitude();
lcd_place();
check=0;
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IE=0x90;
void GPS()
{
serial_data0();
lcd_cmd(0x38); //2 LINE, 5X7 MATRIX
lcd_cmd(0x0e); //DISPLAY ON, CURSOR BLINKING
IE=0x90;
while(check
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{
SBUF1=*chrr;
TI1=0;
while(TI1==0);
chrr++;
}
}
// TRANSMIT A CHARECTER TO GPS MODEM
void sendchr(unsigned char ch)
{
SBUF1=ch;
TI1=0;
while(TI1==0);
}
// TO INITIALIZE GS MODEM
void GSM_ini()
{
serial_data1();
unsigned char msg[2];
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sendstr("AT");
for(i=0;i
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sendchr(0x22);
delay(10);
sendstr("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(10);
sendstr("AT+CMGS=");
sendchr(0x22);
sendstr("8058505354");
sendchr(0x22);
for(i=0;i
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for(i=0;i
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BREAD BOARD RUNNING
The circuit shown above was implemented on the bread board. The code for
the microcontroller was written on the standards of 8051 using Embedded C.
The code was compiled and simulated using Keil (ver. V).
Voltages applied: 12V dc
Result: LCD displayed correctly
PCB DESIGNING
STEPS INVOLVED:
1. The required circuit diagram is prepared.2. The components, their sizes etc. are listed.3. It is drafted onto a graph sheet4. All pads are placed and thin tracks finished5. It is traced on the graph sheet6. All parts including screw holes are placed with the help of knife.7. All the tracks are fixed.
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CONVERSION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1.
Cutting lines, mounting lines are done2. All the components their length diameter thickness code names etc. arelisted.
3. All tracks are straight lines4. In between ICs no signal lines should be passed5. Markings of the pin number of IC on the lay out for avoiding dislocations
are made
6. The length of the conductor is kept as low as possible7. All the components, resistors, diodes etc. are placed parallel to each
other.
PCB LAYOUT:
Fig. Layout
First the board outlines and the connectors are marked on a sheet of paper
followed by sketching of the component outlines with connecting point and
conductor patterns.
The layout as viewed from the component side first, so as to avoid any
confusion is prepared. The layout is developed in the direction of signal flow as
far as possible
Among the components the larger ones are filled first and the space between
is filled with smaller ones. Components, rewiring input, output connections
came near the connectors.
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All the components are placed in such a manner that de-soldering of the
component is not is not necessary, if they have to be re placed. While
designing the conductors, the minimum spacing requirement for the final
network should be known.
TRANSFORMING THE LAYOUT TO COPPER:
The lay out made on the graph sheet should be redrawn on the copper clad
using paint or nail polish.
Fig. Etching Process
ETCHING:
The final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of the unwanted
copper which is not protected by an electric rebist.
FeCl3 solution is popularly used etching solution. FeCl3 powder is made into a
solution using water and kept in a plastic tray.
The marked copper clad is immersed in this solution for twenty or thirty
minutes. Due to the reaction solution becomes weak and it is not
recommended for further etching process.
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The etched sheet is taken out from the tray and dried out in sunlight for an
hour.
ETCHANTS:
Many factors have to be considered to choose the most suitable etchant
system for a PCB process. Some commonly used etchants are FeCl3, Cupric
chloride, Chromic acid etc.
After etching FeCl3 is washed from the board and cleaned dry. Paint is
removed using suitable from the component insertion.
Holes are drilled into appropriate position and the components are soldered
into PCB carefully
Fig. PCB Fabricated
PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION:
I. A copper clad of the required dimensions is taken.II. The circuit layout is transferred to the copper clad using cotton paper.
III. The layout area should be marked with nail polish.IV. The copper clad is put into FeCl3 solution and warmed.V. Stage by stage transformation of the copper clad occurs.
VI. The solution is warmed intermittently according to the requirement.VII. After about half hour etching is completed.
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VIII. The board is washed using soap solution to remove the remaining ofFeCl3 solution.
IX. The nail polish is scraped off and holes are drilled wherever requiredusing appropriate drill bits.
X. PCB is fabricated.
RESULT
The LCD display showed the correct information provided by the controller.
Depending on the coding-decoding done by the module, the LCD will displaythe latitudes and longitudes.
FUTURE SCOPE
The main scopes of this project are:
1. Military Application: In Military operation ,if the military people are moving
through a desert they cant identify their own position in the desert. Only the
guidance with them is the map. By using our system they can identify theirposition. In the LCD display unit it displays the latitude & longitude and by
noting this information they can clearly identify the position from the map
which they have.
2. Navigation: In Navigation same as that of military Application.
3. Geographical Survey: It is also used for geographical survey.
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GRAPH
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS by MAIZIDI,MUHAMMAD ALI; JANICE GILLISPIE MAZIDI; AND ROLIN D. MCKINLAY
2. http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com3. http://www.electroschematics.com4. http://www.radio-electronics.com5. http://www.8051projects.com
http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com/http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com/http://www.electroschematics.com/http://www.electroschematics.com/http://www.radio-electronics.com/http://www.radio-electronics.com/http://www.8051projects.com/http://www.8051projects.com/http://www.8051projects.com/http://www.radio-electronics.com/http://www.electroschematics.com/http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com/Recommended