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USH 17:1 The New Frontier
• Election of 1960– T.V. used to “sell” candidates for first time– John F. Kennedy, Democrat– Richard. Nixon, Republican
Issues in the Election
• Both were “Cold Warriors”– Determined to stop communist aggression
• “Missile Gap”– Belief the U.S. was behind Soviets in weaponry
• Kennedy’s Catholicism – Worries Catholic Church would guide Kennedy
Kennedy Takes Office
• 35th president: John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)• “New Frontier”– Kennedy’s legislative agenda • Increase aid to education• Provide health insurance to elderly• Create Department of Urban Affairs
Successes and setbacks
• Democrats controlled both House and Senate– Many Democrats not loyal to Kennedy• No “coattails”• Southern Democrats thought “New Frontier” was too
expensive
– Expands economy • Government invests in defense and space programs
Successes and Setbacks
• Raised minimum wage• Housing project for low-income areas• Equal Pay Act of 1963– Women paid same as men for same work
• Created programs to help people with disabilities
Warren Court Reforms
• Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• Rulings re-shape American politics and society
Warren Court-Civil Rights
• Brown v Board of Education (1954)– Segregation in public schools unconstitutional
• Heart of Atlanta Motel v U.S. (1964)– Segregation illegal in public accommodations
• Loving v Virginia (1967)– States cannot ban interracial marriages
Warren Court – Due Process
• Mapp v Ohio (1961)– Unlawfully seized evidence cannot be used at trial
• Gideon v Wainwright (1963)– Right to a court-appointed attorney
• Escobedo v Illinois (1964)– Right to an attorney during police questioning
• Miranda v Arizona (1966) – Informed of your rights if arrested
Warren Court – Freedom of Speech / Religion
• Engel v Vitale (1962)– Banned state-mandated prayer in public schools
• Albington School District v Schempp (1963)– Banned state-mandated bible readings in school
• N.Y. Times v Sullivan (1964)– Limited when celebrities could sue the media
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