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U.S. Foreign Policy 1975 - 1990. President Nixon 1969 - 1974. President Nixon. After the Vietnam War the U.S . became more cautious about military interventions Nixon and Ford pursued a policy of Détente, a relaxation of tensions, with the Soviet Union and China - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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U.S. Foreign Policy1975 - 1990
President Nixon 1969 - 1974
President Nixon
After the Vietnam War the U.S. became more cautious about military interventions
Nixon and Ford pursued a policy of Détente, a relaxation of tensions, with the Soviet Union and China
Nixon ended U.S. naval patrols of the Taiwan Strait and lifted trade restrictions on China
Nixon visited China in 1972
Nixon in China
Nixon in China
Sino-Soviet Split
The U.S.S.R. and China had a falling-out
The Shanghai communique in 1972 stated that the U.S. and China opposed the hegemony of any nation in Asia
In January 1979, the U.S. and China exchanged diplomatic recognition
China begins to transition from command economy to free market economy under
SALT
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks tried to limit the number of nuclear weapons possessed by the Soviet Union and the United States
Objectives of SALT
SALT Provisions
Linkage
Soviet Economy
Expanded rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s
Economic growth rate fell to 2% by early 1970s
Decline in economic sectors such as computers, microelectronics, and telecommunications
Soviet workplace plagued by high absenteeism, drunkenness, corruption, and shoddy production
Nixon Issues
Détente was confusing to people As relations with the Soviet Union and
China normalized relations with NATO allies declined
The developing world remained poor and divided
Nixon supported a CIA coup against Salvador Allende, the elected leader of Chile and a Marxist, and replaced him with Augusto Pinochet, a brutal dictator
President Carter 1976 - 1980
Carter paid more attention to global “interdependence” and the need for closer cooperation between wealthier more industrialized countries and the poorer countries of the south
Identified human rights as an appropriate basis for U.S. policy
Rejected power politics and concentrated on domestic renewal
Power Politics
State of international relations in which states protect their own interests by threatening each other with military, economic, or political aggression
Nuclear development, pre-emptive strikesBait and bleed, bloodlettingEconomic sanctionsBuck passingShock and awe
President Carter
President Carter
Camp David Accords
An agreement signed in 1978, between Egypt and Israel to pursue a framework for peace, which led to the Egypt Israel peace treaty in 1979
Mutual recognitionRemoval of IDF and Jewish settlers from
Sinai PeninsulaEconomic aid package to Egypt and
Israel
Iran Hostage Crisis
Iranian Revolution in 1979. Shah Pahlavi was deposed by followers of Ayatollah Khomeini
Islamic Republic establishedNovember 4, 1979, Islamic students occupy
the U.S. embassy in Tehran and take 66 Americans captive
13 hostages released on November 19th and 20th and 1 released on July 11th 1980
Rest of the hostages released on January 20th 1981
President Carter
President Carter
President Carter
President Reagan
Increased defense spendingChanged SALT to STARTSDI – Strategic Defense InitiativeReagan Doctrine - Rollback in
developing countriesIran Contra Scandal
Strategic Defense Initiative
World According to Reagan
Reagan Doctrine
Eliminated Marxist regime in Grenada in 1983
Formed anti-Sandinista army known as “contras” to fight Marxist government in Nicaragua
Encouraged Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines to step down, and be replaced by Corazon Aquino in 1986
Helped depose Jean-Claude Duvalier, President of Haiti in 1986
Reagan Doctrine
Supported rebels against Angolan Marxist government
Supported insurgents against Soviet forces in Afghanistan from 1979 – 1989
Iran Contra Scandal
Democratic controlled Congress refused to fund contras in Nicaragua
Profits from a secret arms deal to Iran were used to fund contra activities in Nicaragua
Conduct of the contra war transferred to National Security Council Staff
Operation run by CIA director William Casey and marine lieutenant colonel Oliver North
Soviet Union Weakens
Soviet economy stagnates, cost of supporting Marxist governments such as Cuba, Vietnam, Angola, and Nicaragua bring no real benefit
Arms race, SDI, and Reagan’s hard line against communist convince Gorbachev to reform Soviet economy and society
Glasnost – Policy of openness and transparency in Soviet politics
Perestroika – Economic reforms
Berlin Wall
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