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UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
EDITORIAL TEAM
Writers: EddieCHOO,CindyTAN,TOHBoonKwanEditorialAdvisors: LukeGOH,LIMTengLeng,PremaraniSOMASUNDRAM,
KeithTAN,TANLiSan,StephanieTANEditorialsupport: LizaLEE,SheilaNGPreparedandpublishedbytheInstituteofGovernanceandPolicy(IGP)attheCivilServiceCollege.IGPisanodeforresearchonstrategicpolicyissuesfacingSingapore.Itaimstofurthernewinsights,catalysethoughtleadershipinthePublicService,andadvanceSingapore’smodelofpublicgovernance.TheCivilServiceCollege(CSC)SingaporeisastatutoryboardunderthePublicServiceDivisionwithamissiontodeveloppeopleforafirst-classPublicService.Asthepublicsector’scoreinstitutionfortraining,learning,researchandstaffdevelopment,CSCbuildsstrategiccapacityingovernance,leadership,publicadministrationandmanagementforanetworkedgovernmentinSingapore.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TheInstituteofGovernanceandPolicy,CivilServiceCollegeacknowledgestheassistanceprovidedbytheCorruptPracticesInvestigationBureauandthePublicServiceCommissionSecretariatinthewritingofthispaper.
ISBN: 978-981-09-3673-0 (pbk)ISBN: 978-981-09-3674-7 (ebk)©2015CivilServiceCollege,SingaporeAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,modified,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionfromtheCivilServiceCollege,Singapore.Forfeedbackorcomments,pleaseemailcscollege_publishing@cscollege.gov.sgCivil Service College31NorthBuonaVistaRoadSingapore275983www.cscollege.gov.sg
3
“Corruptionmustneverbetolerated.Itstunts
economicdevelopment,underminespublictrust
anderodesoursocialfabric.Fightingcorruption
isanunceasingchallenge.”
PrimeMinisterLeeHsienLoong,20121
Singapore’sreputationforincorruptibilityishardwonthrough
determinedeffortsinthedecadessinceindependence.Intheperiod
beforeindependencein1965,corruptionranrifethroughoutthepublic
service.Anti-corruptioneffortswereineffective,withthePrevention
ofCorruptionOrdinance(POCO)providingaweaklegalenforcement
frameworkandtheAnti-CorruptionBranch(ACB)withinthepolice
forcestymiedbyalackofresources.Corruptioninthepoliceforce
exacerbatedthesituation.Incontrast,present-daySingaporehas
consistentlyattainedahighrankinginTransparencyInternational’s
CorruptionPerceptionsIndex,sustainingatop-5positionfrom
2009to2013.
Singapore’stransformationfromacorruption-riddensocietyto
oneofthecleanestcountriesintheworlddeservescloserscrutiny.This
bookletsummarisesthemajorfactorsthathavecontributedtowards
Singapore’stransformationintoacleancountrywithlowlevelsof
corruption,namelystrongpoliticalwillagainstcorruption,aneffective
anti-corruptionagency,anindependentjudiciary,effectivelaws,apublic
servicethateschewscorruptionandazerotolerancetowardscorruption.
INTRODUCTION
4 UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
ZERO TOLERANCE TO CORRUPTION
POLITICAL WILL
IND
EPEN
DEN
TJ
UD
ICIA
RY
EFFE
CTI
VE
LAW
S
EFFE
CTI
VE
EN
FOR
CEM
ENT
RES
PO
NSI
VE
PU
BLI
C S
ERV
ICE
Dealing Effectively with Corruption
Source: Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB). Reproduced with permission from the CPIB.
5
ThemostsignificantdriverforSingapore’santi-corruptioneffortsis
thepoliticalwilltofightcorruptionatalllevelsofsociety,evenatthe
highestlevelsofpoliticalleadership.Asasignoftheircommitmentto
eradicatecorruption,LeeKuanYew,Singapore’sfirstprimeminister
andhiscolleaguesofthePeople’sActionParty(PAP)tooktheoathof
officein1959wearingwhite,tosymbolisepurity.Noone,noteven
CabinetMinisters,isexemptfrominvestigationsintoallegationsof
corruptbehaviour.
“Wehadadeepsenseofmissiontoestablisha
cleanandeffectivegovernment.Whenwetook
theoathofofficeattheceremonyinthecity
councilchamberinJune1959,weallworewhite
shirtsandwhiteslackstosymbolisepurityand
honestyinourpersonalbehaviourandourpublic
life.Thepeopleexpectedthisofus,andwewere
determinedtoliveuptotheirexpectations.”
LeeKuanYew,FirstPrimeMinisterofSingapore2
STRONG POLITICAL WILL AGAINST CORRUPTION
6 UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
Group photograph of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew (right) and his Cabinet outside City Hall after the swearing-in of the new government of Singapore, 5 June 1959.
Sour
ce: M
inis
try
of In
form
atio
n an
d th
e Ar
ts C
olle
ctio
n, C
ourt
esy
of N
atio
nal A
rchi
ves
of S
inga
pore
7
PAST POLITICAL LEADERS WHO HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR CORRUPTION
Case of Tan Kia Gan
TanKiaGan,formerMinisterforNationalDevelopment,was
investigatedin1966forallegedlyacceptingbribestohelpafriend
sellaircrafttoMalaysianAirways.Aswitnessesdidnotwant
toimplicateTan,hewasadministrativelystrippedofallpublic
appointmentsbytheGovernment.3
Case of Wee Toon Boon
WeeToonBoon,formerMinisterofStateforEnvironment,was
chargedincourtforcorruptionin1975foracceptingbribesfrom
apropertydeveloper.Weewasjailedfor18monthsandorderedto
payapenaltyof$7,023.4
Case of Teh Cheang Wan
TehCheangWan,thenMinisterforNationalDevelopment,was
investigatedin1986forallegedlyacceptingbribesfromproperty
developers.Tehcommittedsuicidebeforehecouldbeformally
chargedincourt.5
8 UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
Formedin1952,theCorruptPracticesInvestigationBureau(CPIB)
replacedthecolonialACB,whichwasineffectiveandunder-resourced.
CPIBreporteddirectlytotheColonialSecretary.WhenthePAPcame
intopowerin1959withtheadventofinternalself-rule,oneofitsfirst
prioritieswastostampoutcorruption.CPIBwasgivenanewleaseof
lifewiththeenactmentofthePreventionofCorruptionAct(PCA)in
1960.PCAwidenedthescopeofwhatconstitutedacorruptacttoinclude
“variousformsofgratification”.Thefinewasalsoraisedto$10,000
and/or5years’imprisonmentifconvicted.Thefinewaslaterraisedto
$100,000in1989.
THE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT, AN EMPOWERED BUREAU AND AN INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY
“Therefore,thisGovernmentisdeterminedto
takeallpossiblestepstoseethatallnecessary
legislativeandadministrativemeasuresare
takentoreducetheopportunitiesofcorruption,
tomakeitsdetectioneasier,andtodeterand
punishseverelythosewhoaresusceptibletoit
andengageinitshamelessly.”
OngPangBoon,formerMinisterforHomeAffairs,19606
9
Enactment of the Prevention of Corruption Ordinance (POCO).
The Public Service Commission was established.
Then Minister for National Development Tan Kia Gan was removed from office for allegedly accepting bribes in connection with the sale of aircraft to Malaysian Airways.
Self-government attained. PAP government elected into office with the promise of cleansing Singapore of corruption.
The PCA was amended to raise the fine from $10,000 to $100,000.
Singapore was ranked first, jointly with Denmark and New Zealand in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index.
Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) established.
Then Minister of State for Environment Wee Toon Boon was
jailed and fined for accepting bribes from a property developer.
The Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) was enacted.
Former Director of the Electricity Department and Deputy Chief
Executive (Operations) of the Public Utilities Board Choy Hon Tim was
convicted and sentenced to a 14-year jail term. Choy’s case involved the
largest amount of bribes uncovered in CPIB’s history — $13.85 million.
Peter Lim Sin Pang, former chief of the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF)
was convicted of one count of corruptly obtaining sexual gratification in
relation to the awarding of information technology contracts. He was
jailed for six months.
1937
1960
1951
1966
1952
1975
1995
1959
1989
2010
2013
10 UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
Inaddition,CPIBofficersweregivenpowersofarrestandsearch
ofsuspects.PCAwasfurtheramendedin1981,empoweringtheCourts
toordertheoffendertorepaythegratificationcorruptlyobtained,
inpartorinfull.UnderthePCA,theamountormoneyvaluemaybe
recoveredasacivildebt.TheCorruption,DrugTraffickingandother
SeriousCrimes(ConfiscationofBenefits)Actcanalsobeinvokedto
confiscateanybenefitsderivedfromcorruptionfromanyoneconvicted
ofthecrime.Publicofficersconvictedofcorruptionmayalsolosetheir
jobs,benefitsorpension.UnlikeACB,CPIBwasplaceddirectlyunderthe
ColonialSecretaryalthoughadministrativelyattachedtotheAttorney-
General’sChambers(AGC).Afterattainmentofself-governmentin1959,
CPIBcameundertheMinistryofHomeAffairs.Followingindependence
throughmergerwiththeFederationofMalaya,NorthBorneoand
SarawaktoformMalaysiain1963,CPIBcameunderthePrimeMinister’s
Office.AfterSingaporewasejectedfromMalaysiain1965,CPIBbriefly
cameunderthewingofAGCagain,beforerevertingtothejurisdiction
ofthePrimeMinister’sOffice.
CPIBnotonlyactsagainstcorruptioninthePublicService,italso
actsagainstcorruptionintheprivatesector.CPIBhasinvestigated
corruptioncasesrangingfrompettyonesinvolvingrestaurantchefsand
supplierstohigh-profilecasesinvolvingcriminalsyndicatestryingtofix
soccermatchesorlotteryresults.CPIBhasalsoinvestigatedcorruption
withinthepoliceforce.UpontheconclusionofCPIBinvestigations,
allallegedcorruptioncasesarehandedovertoAGCtoobtainthe
PublicProsecutor’sconsenttoproceedwithcourtproceedings.Asa
result,CPIBhasafearsomereputation,andistrustedbythepublic
11
duringinvestigations.IfthePrimeMinisterwereevertostopaCPIB
investigationonhimselforamemberoftheCabinet,thePresidentcan
ordertheCPIBdirectortoresumeinvestigations.7
AsLeeKuanYewputsit,“CPIBhasbeenandisatenaciousand
effectiveinstrumentagainstcorruption.TheBureauanditsofficershave
contributedtoSingapore’sstanding,givingconfidencetoinvestorsthat
hasledtoourprogressandprosperity”.8
Anindependentjudiciaryfurtherprovidesprotectionfrompolitical
interference.TheChiefJusticeisappointedbythePresidentonadvice
fromthePrimeMinisterandtheCouncilofPresidentialAdvisers.
DistrictjudgesandmagistratesareappointedbythePresidentwith
advicefromtheChiefJustice.VariousprovisionsoftheConstitution
guaranteetheindependenceoftheSupremeCourtjudiciary.Ajudge
mayonlyberemovedfromofficebythePresidentontheadviceofa
tribunalofjudgesoftheSupremeCourtorthosewhoholdorhave
equivalentofficesintheCommonwealthongroundsofmisbehaviour,
inability,infirmityofbodyormind,oranyothercausethatprevents
judgesfromproperlydischargingthefunctionsoftheiroffice.
12 UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
Theenforcementbytheanti-corruptionagenciesneedstobesupported
byapublicserviceculturethatvaluesintegrity,incorruptibilityand
transparency.Thepracticeofmeritocracyinthepublicserviceensures
thatthebestperson,regardlessoffamilybackground,ethnicity,religion
andgender,ishiredforthejob.Inaddition,aneffectivepublicservice
helpswithcorruptioncontrol.Regularreviewofadministrativerules
andprocessestoimproveefficienciesreducetheneedtopaybribesto
hastenapplicationprocesses,improvepublicservicedeliveryandraise
customersatisfactionlevels.10
CPIBmay,inthecourseofitsinvestigations,comeacrosscasesin
thepublicsectorwhichrevealcorruption-proneareasorloopholesin
theprocedures.Basedonitsfindings,CPIBreviewstheadministrative
processesthatmaybepronetocorruptpractices,subsequently
recommendingchangesintheprocesses.11
AN EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SERVICE THAT ESCHEWS CORRUPTION AND A ZERO TOLERANCE TOWARDS CORRUPTION
“TheGovernmentisdeeplyconsciousthata
governmentcannotsurvive,nomatterhow
gooditsaimsandintentionsare,ifcorruption
stillexistsinitsranksanditspublicserviceson
whichitdependstoprovidetheefficientand
effectiveadministrativemachinerytotranslate
itspoliciesintoaction.”
OngPangBoon,formerMinisterforHomeAffairs,19609
13
Asaresult,theSingaporePublicServiceiswellregarded
internationally.IntheWorldBankWorldwideGovernanceIndicators
project,from2008to2013,Singaporewasrankedamongthetop10
percentileforeffectivenessofgovernance,corruptioncontrolandruleof
law(seeTable1).
YearControl of Corruption Regulatory Quality
Government Effectiveness Rule of Law
2008 98 99 100 92
2009 95 98 100 92
2010 99 98 100 93
2011 97 96 100 93
2012 97 100 100 96
2013 97 100 100 95
TABLE 1. SINGAPORE’S PERCENTILE POSITION IN THE WORLDWIDE GOVERNANCE INDICATORS PROJECT12
ThecleanPublicServicetodayistheresultofapoliticalwill
thatpassedlawswithdeterrentsentencestoreducetheincentivesof
corruption.Subsequently,payinthePublicServicestartedtoincrease
in1972tomatchthepayintheprivatesectorasatalentretention
measure.BymakingpayinthePublicServiceequitabletotheprivate
sector,corruptionwaschangedfromalow-risk/high-rewardactivitytoa
high-risk/low-rewardactivity.13
14 UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
Opportunitiesforcorruptionwerealsoreducedbyusingopen
marketsratherthanclosedadministrativemechanismstoallocate
resources.Asanexample,duetoland-scarcityinSingapore,thedecision
wasmadetoreducethespaceallocatedforroadsandtolimitthe
numberofcarsinSingapore.Assuch,peoplepurchasingcarshadtobuy
aCertificateofEntitlement(COE)toownthem.Anopenauctionsystem
wasestablishedforthepricingoftheseCOEs.Ifaclosedadministrative
systemofallocatingCOEshadbeenadopted,theopportunitiesfor
corruptioncouldhaveincreased,sincepublicofficerscouldbebribedto
guaranteeCOEstospecificindividuals.
ThePublicServiceCommission(PSC),aneutralandindependent
body,wasconstitutedin1951asanindependentorganofstateto
appoint,promote,transfer,dismissandexercisedisciplinarycontrol
overpublicofficers.ThePSCSecretariat,whichprovidessecretariat
supporttothePSC,isresponsibleforsettingconductanddiscipline
policies.Itensuresthatofficersmaintainthehigheststandardsof
personalconducttoupholdtheintegrityofthePublicService.
Inaddition,thePublicServiceisguidedbythevaluesofIntegrity,
ServiceandExcellenceandaCodeofConductwhichsetsoutthe
standardsofbehaviourexpectedofpublicofficers.Forexample,the
GovernmentInstructionManualforpublicofficersstatesthat:
• apublicofficercannotborrowmoneyfromanypersonwhohas
officialdealingswithhim;
• apublicofficercannotuseanyofficialinformationtofurtherhis
privateinterest;
15
• apublicofficerisrequiredtodeclarehisassetsathisfirst
appointmentandalsoannually;and
• apublicofficercannotreceiveanygiftofferedtohimonaccountof
hisofficialpositionorofficialwork.
Officersalsoreceiverelevanttrainingonvaluesandconduct
throughprogrammesofferedbytheCivilServiceCollege,someofwhich
arecompulsoryfornewofficers.Trainingisalsoconductedatvarious
pointsinanofficer’scareer,throughrelevantmilestoneprogrammes.
Thesesessionstaketheformoftalks,seminars,andworkshopsinvolving
theCodeofConductandPublicServicevalues.
Internaleffortsinreducingopportunitiesforcorruptionare
complementedbytheworkattheAuditor-General’sOffice(AGO).
AGOconductsauditsonpublicagenciestoensurethatgovernment
agenciesadheretoproperaccountingstandardsandprovidefinancial
accountabilityofpublicmonies.Everyyear,AGOsubmitsitsauditreport
tothePublicAccountsCommittee,comprisingvariousmembersof
Parliament.Thereportcontainsobservationsofsystemicweaknesses,
non-complianceofcontrolprocedures,orwastefuluseofpublicfunds.
Agencieswithlapseshavetorespondonhowtheyhaveremediedthe
situationtopreventsimilarlapsesinfuture.14
16 UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
CASES OF SENIOR PUBLIC SERVANTS CONVICTED OF CORRUPTION
Case of Choy Hon Tim
ChoyHonTim,aformerdeputyChiefExecutiveOfficerofthe
PublicUtilitiesBoard,wasprosecutedin1995andjailedfor14years
forreceivingbribesamountingto$13.85millionfromvarious
contractorsoverseveralyears.15
Case of Peter Lim Sin Pang
PeterLimSinPang,aformerCommissioneroftheSingapore
CivilDefenceForce(SCDF),wasprosecutedin2012andjailedfor
6months,forobtainingsexualgratificationfromasalesdirectorof
aninformationtechnologycompanyinreturnforawardingSCDF
contractstohercompany.16
ThePublicServiceisalsotransparentaboutthelapsesthat
haveoccurred,eventhosecommittedbyseniorpublicservants.The
visibilityofthesecasesshowsthatthePublicServiceisswiftand
decisiveindealingwithcorruptionregardlessoftheseniorityofthe
personnelinvolved.
17
ThePublicService’sstrongstanceagainstcorruptionhasbeenably
supportedbySingapore’ssocialattitudesandculturalnormsdeveloped
sinceself-governmentwasattainedin1959.ThePAPgovernmentwas
electedinthatyearonanelectoralplatformthatincludedapolitical
commitmenttotakepromptandcomprehensiveactiontocleanse
Singaporeofcorruption.Singaporesocietyhassinceembracedthevalues
ofincorruptibilityandmeritocracy.Thesevalueshavebecomeimportant
benchmarksinassessingtheeffectivenessofthePublicServiceand
therulinggovernment.Thus,acultureofzerotoleranceagainst
corruptionhasbeeningrainedinboththePublicServiceandsociety
asawhole.AnypersonororganisationinSingaporethatfailstolive
uptothesehighstandardsofproprietywillbebothseverelypunished
andstigmatised.Thisconstitutestheultimatedeterrenceagainst
corruptacts.
18 UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
CONCLUSION
Thecombinationofsiximportantcomponents—strongpoliticalwill,
aneffectiveanti-corruptionagency,anindependentjudiciary,effective
laws,apublicservicethateschewscorruptionandazerotolerance
towardscorruption—hasearnedSingaporeastrongreputationfor
incorruptibility.InTransparencyInternational’sCorruptionPerceptions
Index,Singaporehasbeenrankedconsistentlyasoneoftheleastcorrupt
countriesintheworld.Sustainingthisrenownedreputationwillbe
thegreatestchallengeforSingapore.Theleaders,theinstitutions,the
PublicServiceandthepopulaceasawholewillhavetoremainvigilant
forSingaporetocontinuetoberegardedasoneoftheleastcorrupt
countriesintheworld,andtocontributetoSingapore’ssocialand
economicprogress.
19
ENDNOTES
1 CorruptPracticesInvestigationBureau(CPIB),The Journey: 60 Years of Fighting Corruption in Singapore (Singapore:CorruptPracticesInvestigationBureau,2012),4.
2 LeeKuanYew,From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000(Singapore:TimesMediaandTheStraitsTimesPress,2000),183.
3 SeetheCPIBwebsiteoncasesinvolvingpoliticians,http://app.cpib.gov.sg/cpib_new/user/default.aspx?pgID=237(accessedJuly30,2014).
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 SingaporeParliamentReports,Prevention of Corruption Bill, sess.1,vol.12,cols376–377,February13,1960(speechbyOngPangBoon,MinisterforHomeAffairs).
7 Chapter1,Article22GoftheSingaporeConstitution.
8 CorruptPracticesInvestigationBureau(CPIB),The Journey: 60 Years of Fighting Corruption in Singapore(Singapore:CorruptPracticesInvestigationBureau,2012),9.
9 SingaporeParliamentaryReports,Prevention of Corruption Bill,sess.1,vol.12,cols375–378,February13,1960(speechbyOngPangBoon,MinisterforHomeAffairs).
10SeeLimSiongGuan,“IntegritywithEmpowerment:ChallengesFacingSingaporeinCombatingCorruptioninthe21stCentury”,speechdeliveredattheSeminaronHongKongintothe21stCentury—MaintainingIntegrityintheCivilService,May21,1998,http://app.cpib.gov.sg/data/website/doc/ManagePage/247/Speech.Lim.Siong.pdf(accessedJuly30,2014).
11SeetheCPIBwebpage,“OrganisationsWeWorkCloselyWith”,http://app.cpib.gov.sg/cpib_new/user/default.aspx?pgID=124(accessedJuly30,2014).
12ThisisbasedontheworkofDanielKaufmann,AartKraayandMassimoMastruzifortheWorldBank.Thedatasetisavailablefordownloadat:http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#home(accessedNovember26,2014).
13JonS.T.Quah,Public Administration Singapore Style (Singapore:Talisman,2010),189.
14SeetheAGOwebpage,“WhatDoWeDo?”,http://www.ago.gov.sg/ourwork.html(accessedJuly30,2014).
15SeetheCPIBwebpageoncasesinvolvingseniorpublicofficers,http://app.cpib.gov.sg/cpib_new/user/default.aspx?pgID=236(accessedJuly30,2014).
16ThamYuen-CandLimYanliang,“Ex-SCDFChiefPeterLimFoundGuiltyofCorruption”,The Straits Times,May31,2013,http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/ex-scdf-chief-peter-lim-found-guilty-corruption-20130531(accessedJuly30,2014);MelissaLin,“FormerSCDFChiefPeterLimDismissedfromPublicService,The Straits Times,August31,2013,http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/former-scdf-chief-peter-lim-dismissed-public-service-20130831(accessedJuly30,2014).
20 UPHOLDING INTEGRITY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
CorruptPracticesInvestigationBureau,The Journey: 60 Years of Fighting Corruption in Singapore(Singapore:CorruptPracticesInvestigationBureau,2012).
Lee,KuanYew,From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000(Singapore:TimesMediaandTheStraitsTimesPress,2000).
Oehlers,Alfred,“Corruption:ThePeculiaritiesofSingapore”,inNicholasTarling,ed.,Corruption and Good Governance in Asia(Abingdon,Oxon:Routledge,2005):149–164.
Quah,JonS.T.,Public Administration Singapore Style(Singapore:Talisman,2010).
Quah,JonS.T.,Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream?(Singapore:InstituteofSoutheastAsianStudies,2013).
ADB/OECDAnti-CorruptionInitiativeforAsiaandthePacific,http://www.oecd.org/site/adboecdanti-corruptioninitiative/
Attorney-General’sChambersSingapore,www.agc.gov.sg
Auditor-General’sOfficeSingapore,www.ago.gov.sg
CorruptPracticesInvestigationBureau,www.cpib.gov.sg
e-IntegrityLearning&ResourceCenter,http://e-integrity.net/elearning/index/index.php
Globalethics.net,http://www.globethics.net/
InternationalAssociationofAnti-CorruptionAuthorities,http://www.iaaca.org/
SingaporePublicServiceCommission,www.psc.gov.sg
TransparencyInternational,www.transparency.org
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