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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
MUHAMMAD HAZWAN BIN HAMZAH
FK 2013 74
OPTIMIZATION AND KINETICS OF CITRONELLA OIL EXTRACTION BY OHMIC HEATED HYDRO DISTILLATION
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OPTIMIZATION AND KINETICS OF CITRONELLA OIL EXTRACTION
BY OHMIC HEATED HYDRO DISTILLATION
By
MUHAMMAD HAZWAN BIN HAMZAH
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
June 2013
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All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos,
icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra
Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within
the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of
material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti
Putra Malaysia.
Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of
the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
OPTIMIZATION AND KINETICS OF CITRONELLA OIL EXTRACTION
BY OHMIC HEATED HYDRO DISTILLATION
By
MUHAMMAD HAZWAN BIN HAMZAH
June 2013
Chair: Associate Professor Hasfalina Che Man, PhD
Faculty: Engineering
Citronella grass is an aromatic plant with a variety of applications and tremendous
economic potentials. The essential oil from the citronella grass has a variety of uses
such as in traditional medication, perfume industry and soap manufacturing. A
proposed method for citronella oil extractionwas developed with the application of
ohmic heated hydrodistillation. The main objective of this research was to determine
the parameters of the citronella oil extraction to achieve maximum oil yield by ohmic
heated hydro distillation. The parameters affecting citronella oilextraction by ohmic
heated hydro distillation such as powerinput, extraction time, solvent to solid ratio
and crushing frequency were investigated.The optimum parameters were found at a
power input of 77 V up to the boiling point of water and followed by 50 V until the
end of extraction, 2 hours extraction time, a solvent to solid ratio of 3:1 and a
crushing frequency of once. The optimized parameters were then applied to hydro
distillation and steam distillation. Thekinetics of extraction was proposed and
validated based on asecond-order model.The maximum amount of yield of optimized
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parameters in kinetic study by ohmic heated hydro distillation was 7.64 mL/kWh in
comparison with hydro distillation and steam distillation methods that resulted oil
yield 3.87 mL/kWh and 1.69 mL/kWh, respectively. The proposed model fitted well
with the experimental data showed that the coefficient of determination, R2 more than
0.97. The chemical, physical and biological properties of citronella oil and leaves
extracted using three different extraction methods were also determined. Gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis found that the major constituents of
citronella oil for the different extraction methods were citronellal, citronellol and
geraniol. The results for specific gravity and refractive index at 20 °C were ranged
from 0.8879 to 0.8916 and 1.4671 to 1.4743, respectively. The citronella oil colour
intensity in terms of red and yellow units was 2.0 Y to 0.7R 4Y. Scanning electron
micrographs of citronella grass showed some microfractures and cell wall became less
rigidity for ohmic heated hydro distillation. Results of this research revealed that
ohmic heated hydro distillation could be introduced as an alternative technology to
conventional methods.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
PENGOPTIMUMAN DAN KINETIK PENGEKSTRAKAN MINYAK SERAI
WANGI OLEH PENYULINGAN HIDRO PEMANASAN OHMIK
Oleh
MUHAMMAD HAZWAN BIN HAMZAH
Jun 2013
Pengerusi: Profesor Madya Hasfalina Che Man, PhD
Fakulti: Kejuruteraan
Serai wangi adalah tumbuhan beraroma yang mempunyai pelbagai aplikasi dan
potensi ekonomi yang besar.Minyak serai wangi mempunyai pelbagai kegunaan
seperti digunakan dalam ubat tradisional, industri minyak wangi dan pembuatan
sabun.Satu cadangan kaedah pengekstrakan minyak serai wangi telah dibangunkan
dengan menggunakan penyulingan hidro pemanasan ohmik.Objektif utama
penyelidikan ini adalah bertujuan menentukan parameter pengekstrakan minyak serai
wangi untuk mendapatkan hasil minyak yang maksimum melalui penyulingan hidro
pemanasan ohmik. Parameter yang mempengaruhi pengekstrakan minyak serai wangi
oleh penyulingan hidro pemanasan ohmik adalah seperti input kuasa, masa
pengekstrakan, nisbah pelarut kepada pepejal dan frekeunsi menghancur telah dikaji.
Parameter optimum ditemui pada input kuasa 77 V sehingga takat didih air dan diikuti
dengan 50 V sehingga akhir pengekstrakan, masa pengekstrakan selama 2 jam, nisbah
pelarut kepada pepejal sebanyak 3:1 dan sekali frekuensi menghancur. Parameter
optimum kemudiannya diaplikasikan dalam penyulingan hidro dan penyulingan wap.
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Kinetik pengekstrakan telah dicadangkan dan disahkan berdasarkan model tertib
kedua. Jumlah hasil maksimum pada parameter optimum bagi kajian kinetik oleh
penyulingan hidro pemanasan ohmik ialah 7.64 mL/kWj berbanding dengan kaedah
penyulingan hidro dan penyulingan stim yang menghasilkan masing-masing 3.87
mL/kWj dan 1.69 mL/kWj. Model yang dicadangkan disesuaikan baik dengan data
eksperimen menunjukkan pekali penentuan, R2 lebih daripada 0.97.Sifat kimia, fizikal
dan biologi minyak dan daun serai wangi dengan menggunakan tiga kaedah
pengekstrakan berbeza juga ditentukan. Analisis gas kromatografi-jisim spektrometri
menunjukkan juzuk utama kandungan minyak serai wangi untuk kaedah
pengekstrakan berbeza iaitu citronellal, citronellol dan geraniol. Keputusan bagi
graviti spesifik (20 °C) dan indeks biasan (nD 20 °C) masing-masing antara 0.8879
hingga 0.8916 g/mL dan 1.4671 hingga 1.4743. Keamatan warna minyak serai wangi
daripada segi unit merah dan kuning adalah 2.0 K hingga 0.7M 4K.Imbasan
mikrograf elektron serai wangi menunjukkan sedikit pecahan mikro dan menjadikan
dinding sel kurang kukuh untuk penyulingan hidro pemanasan ohmik.Keputusan
penyelidikan ini membuktikan bahawa penyulingan hidro pemanasan ohmik boleh
diperkenal sebagai teknologi alternatif kepada kaedah konvensional.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, most Gracious, most Compassionate. Thanks to Allah for giving
me the courage, patience and confidence in order to complete this report.
First and foremost, a very special thanks and appreciation to my supervisory
committee Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasfalina Che Man, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zurina Zainal
Abidin and Mr. Hishamuddin Jamaludin for giving me the opportunity to work under
their supervision, their valuable time, guidance and consultation throughout this
project.
I would also like to thank Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for providing the
Research University Grant Scheme (RUGS) grant and supporting this project number
(RUGS/05-01-12-1633RU).
Not forgetting respective colleagues for their kind help and moral supports in doing
this project. I also would like to kindly thank all those who helped me including
laboratory technician with their valuable support during my research to accomplish
my master’s thesis. Last but not least, to my beloved family, thank you for your
support and concern, and giving me the strength to complete this challenging project.
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 4 June 2013 to conduct the
final examination of Muhammad Hazwan bin Hamzah on his thesis entitled
“Optimization and Kinetics of Citronella Oil Extraction by Ohmic Heated Hydro
Distillation” in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971
and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998.
The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master of Science.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Desa bin Ahmad, PhD
Professor Ir.
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Jamarei bin Othman, PhD
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Shafreeza binti Sobri, PhD
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Mashitah Mat Don, PhD
Associate Professor
Universiti Sains Malaysia
(External Examiner)
_______________________________
NORITAH OMAR, PhD
Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 2 August 2013
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The
members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Hasfalina Che Man, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Zurina Zainal Abidin, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Hishamuddin Jamaludin
Senior Lecturer
Food Technology Section
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology
(Member)
_______________________________
BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which
have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is not
concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any
other institution.
_______________________________________
MUHAMMAD HAZWAN BIN HAMZAH
Date: 4 June 2013
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
APPROVAL viii
DECLARATION x
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statements 2
1.3 Objectives 4
1.4 Scope of the Study 4
1.5 Overview of the Thesis 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.1.1 Citronella 6
2.2 Citronella Oil Extraction 9
2.2.1 Hydro Distillation 12
2.2.2 Ohmic Heated Hydro Distillation 14
2.2.3 Steam Distillation 17
2.3 Kinetic Study 19
2.4 Summary of the Literature Review 20
3 MATERIALS AND METHOD 22
3.1 Flow Diagram of Citronella Oil Extraction Steps 22
3.2 Raw Material Preparation 23
3.3 Set Up of Ohmic Heated Hydro Distillation 23
3.3.1 Optimization of Ohmic Heated Hydro Distillation of
Citronella Grass
25
3.4 Kinetic Study 27
3.4.1 Hydro Distillation 27
3.4.2 Steam Distillation 27
3.5 Citronella Oil and Citronella Grass Analysis 28
3.5.1 Oil Yield Determination 28
3.5.2 Chemical Analysis 29
3.5.3 Physical Analysis 30
3.5.4 Biological Analysis 30
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31
4.1 Optimization of Ohmic Heated Hydro Distillation of
Citronella Grass
31
4.1.1 Effect of Power Input 31
4.1.2 Effect of Extraction Time 33
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4.1.3 Effect of Solvent to Solid Ratio 34
4.1.4 Effect of Crushing Frequency 36
4.2 Kinetic Study 38
4.2.1 Proposed Model 38
4.2.2 Model Analysis 41
4.2.3 Model Validation 46
4.3 Chemical Analysis 46
4.4 Physical Analysis 51
4.5 Biological Analysis 53
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57
5.1 Conclusion 57
5.2 Recommendations 58
REFERENCES 60
APPENDICES 71
BIODATA OF STUDENT 79
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 80
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