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NYS Regents Earth Science UNIT I: Earth Science Math Skills, Graphing, and Measurement
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UNIT I: EARTH SCIENCE MATH SKILLS, GRAPHING, AND
MEASUREMENT NOTES PACKET
Picture: Irondequoit Bay looking
northward towards Lake Ontario.
Geologic evidence suggests that this was
once the mouth of the Genesee River
prior to the most recent glacial advance
and retreat.
NYS Regents Earth Science UNIT I: Earth Science Math Skills, Graphing, and Measurement
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Many students that have taken Earth Science have shown the ability to be accurate.
Accuracy is the ability to hit the target you are aiming for, in this class that could be a correct
answer on a test that asks you to perform a set task.
What only a few students have shown is the ability to be precise. Precision requires that you
are able to reproduce results time after time. This unit focuses on honing your ability to be
both accurate and precise throughout the course.
Let’s begin with some basic mathematical equations you could be counted on to use during
the year. These are found on the front page of your Earth Science Reference Tables
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There are 4 essential equations you will need to be familiar with in order to be successful in
the course:
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Additional Equations
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Ensuring Accuracy
In order to ensure that your responses are accurate throughout the course, there are some fundamental concepts you need to
understand.
NYS Regents Earth Science UNIT I: Earth Science Math Skills, Graphing, and Measurement
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Accuracy Beyond Whole Numbers
Often we want to know measurements that are more accurate than simply a whole number.
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Units
Almost all measurements in Earth Science must be coupled with units. One exception is when eccentricity is calculated
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Lines As Equations
You may be familiar with how you can graphically represent an equation in math. The same is possible in
Earth Science, but in a much more simplified way.
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Isolines
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NYS Regents Earth Science UNIT I: Earth Science Math Skills, Graphing, and Measurement
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Properties of Isolines
Think of isolines like fences that separate neighbors. The neighbors live at different
addresses and the isolines keep those properties separate.
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Isoline Rhyme
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Practice
The following are temperature measurements for a classroom in degrees Celsius. Draw isotherms for every 2
degrees Celsius.
NYS Regents Earth Science UNIT I: Earth Science Math Skills, Graphing, and Measurement
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Determining the Value of an Isoline
How is an isoline’s value determined if it isn’t labeled? Only some isolines are labeled.
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Steps to determining isoline intervals:
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Step #2:
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Step #3:
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In Earth Science we sometimes would like to know how quickly values
change on a field map. We can actually assign a number to this change by
using the equation for gradient:
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NYS Regents Earth Science UNIT I: Earth Science Math Skills, Graphing, and Measurement
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Determining Gradient
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In this example, let’s assume the distance between points is 2 miles and the measurements on the map are in feet.
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Graphing in Earth Science
You will often be asked to us graphs to display data on in-class tests, the midterm, and the final. There
are 3 common graphs found in Earth Science:
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General Rules
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NYS Regents Earth Science UNIT I: Earth Science Math Skills, Graphing, and Measurement
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Line Graphs
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Bar Graphs
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Relationships Graphs
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In Earth Science we will often be dealing with very large numbers. Since this is the case, it
becomes necessary in some instances to use scientific notation to represent numbers. Scientific notation will look something
like this:
1 x 103
or
1.0 x 103
The exponent dictates the direction the decimal must move in order to express the number in standard form.
NYS Regents Earth Science UNIT I: Earth Science Math Skills, Graphing, and Measurement
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If the exponent is positive:
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If the exponent is negative (1 x 10-3):
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Converting Standard Form Numbers to Scientific Notation
The number being written must begin with a number higher than zero and only a single digit before the decimal point.
For example: 0.00093 will become 9.3
If the decimal moved to the right, the exponent is equal to the number of spaces it moved with a preceding (-)
For the example above: 0.00093 will ultimately become 9.3 x 10-4
If the decimal moved to the left, the exponent is positive.
867,000 will become 8.67 x 105
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