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Unit 3 Part 3 Unit 3 Part 3 Ecosystems of the Ecosystems of the worldworld
p. 101 - 109p. 101 - 109
Define Define “climax vegetation”“climax vegetation” p. p. 102102
Climax vegetation is stable/dominant vegetation
in balance with the climatic AND soil conditions
It should change very little if left undisturbed.
Best suited!!!
Each ecosystem has its own climax vegetation.
Example: The Example: The “climax vegetation”“climax vegetation” in in boreal / coniferousboreal / coniferous forest. P. 102 forest. P. 102
Evergreen treesEvergreen trees
Needle like Needle like leavesleaves
Thick barkThick bark
Conical shapeConical shape
Dense growing Dense growing which blocks sunwhich blocks sun
Coniferous forests
World Ecosystems
Different Locations
Different Climate (Temp. & Precip.)
Different Soil
Different Vegetation
Different Animals
Ecosystems
Climate Zones
Climate zones
Ecosystems
EcosystemsEcosystems AND AND climaticclimatic regions regions p.104p.104
Ecosystems of the world Ecosystems of the world are largely defined by their are largely defined by their climax vegetation. climax vegetation.
Examples!!!Examples!!! tropical rain tropical rain forest, grasslands, boreal forest, grasslands, boreal forests, cacti, etc.forests, cacti, etc.
Climax Vegetation Climax Vegetation is determined by climate (and climate (and soils)soils)..
Therefore, Therefore, ecosystems ecosystems match-up withmatch-up with climate climate zones…zones…
Climate zones
Ecosystem zones
Altitudinal succession vs. latitudinal succession p. 104
Altitudinal succession vs. latitudinal succession
The changes in ecosystems & vegetation The changes in ecosystems & vegetation that occur as one moves from the that occur as one moves from the equator equator to the polesto the poles
Altitudinal succession vs. latitudinal succession
The changes in ecosystems & vegetation that The changes in ecosystems & vegetation that occur as one moves from the base of an occur as one moves from the base of an tropical mountain to the summit.tropical mountain to the summit.
Altitudinal succession vs. latitudinal succession
Altitudinal succession vs. latitudinal succession
The changes in ecosystems & vegetation that occur The changes in ecosystems & vegetation that occur as one moves from the as one moves from the equator to the polesequator to the poles is very is very similarsimilar to the changes in ecosystems & vegetation to the changes in ecosystems & vegetation seen moving from the base of an seen moving from the base of an tropical mountain tropical mountain
to the summit. to the summit.
Altitudinal succession vs. latitudinal succession
World Ecosystems
Different Locations
Different Climate (Temp. & Precip.)
Different Soil
Different Vegetation
Different Animals
ADAPTATIONS
Ecosystems & Ecosystems & AdaptationAdaptation A specific or unique featureA specific or unique feature that that
enables an organism to become enables an organism to become better suited to its better suited to its habitat/environment.habitat/environment.
The The change in an organismchange in an organism that that allows it to allows it to live successfully/survive live successfully/survive in its environment.in its environment.
Grasses, Shrubs and low Grasses, Shrubs and low plantsplants
Shallow rootsShallow roots
Fast Fast reproduction / reproduction / flowering cycleflowering cycle
1-3 meters below 1-3 meters below the surface the the surface the ground is ground is completely frozencompletely frozen
growing season is growing season is very short, 1-2 very short, 1-2 monthsmonths
Animals
Hibernation Hibernation (Bears)(Bears)
Migration Migration (Birds)(Birds)
Insulating Insulating featuresfeatures
Sleep right though the Sleep right though the cold months under a cold months under a thick blanket of snow and thick blanket of snow and not freeze.not freeze.
Move further south to Move further south to warmer climates to avoid warmer climates to avoid the cold and obtain food.the cold and obtain food.
Some animals have extra Some animals have extra fur or fat to help hold in fur or fat to help hold in heat so they don’t freeze.heat so they don’t freeze.
Animals
Camouflage Camouflage (snowshoe hare, (snowshoe hare, ptarmigan, bear)ptarmigan, bear)
Feet (ptarmigan)Feet (ptarmigan)
Feet (snowshoe Feet (snowshoe hare / polar bear)hare / polar bear)
Hides from prey or Hides from prey or protects from protects from predators.predators.
Feet enlarge in the fall Feet enlarge in the fall for walking on snowfor walking on snow
Snow shoe hare Snow shoe hare develop a covering of develop a covering of hair. Polar bear – hair. Polar bear – bristles.bristles.
Trees – Conifers (Evergreens)
Needle-like leavesNeedle-like leaves
Thick barkThick bark
Conical shapeConical shape
Less surface area on Less surface area on the leaves means less the leaves means less transpiration (Winter transpiration (Winter all water is frozen). all water is frozen).
The thicker the bark The thicker the bark the less water that will the less water that will escape.escape.
Heavy snow during the Heavy snow during the winter will fall off winter will fall off reliving the pressure reliving the pressure on the branches.on the branches.
Trees – Deciduous Shed their leaves Shed their leaves
when winter comes. when winter comes. (Birch, maple, aspen (Birch, maple, aspen Since the Since the
water is water is frozen during frozen during winter they winter they shed their shed their leaves so no leaves so no water is lost water is lost via via transpiration.transpiration.
Grasseses
Shallow rootsShallow roots
Small water Small water requirementrequirement
Little rain falls, Little rain falls, doesn’t seep far in the doesn’t seep far in the ground, roots near the ground, roots near the surface will catch all surface will catch all the water.the water.
Little water, they have Little water, they have little need for water, little need for water, only once in a while. only once in a while. Also small in size, so Also small in size, so they don’t need a lot they don’t need a lot of water. of water. ..
Analyze world ecosystem map. P. Analyze world ecosystem map. P. 102102
a. Boreal Forest & tundra are wide spread in high latitudes
b. Tropical Rain Forests occur in low latitudes
c. Tropical Rain forest is most predominant in South America.
d. South America, Africa, Australia and Antarctica do not have tundra.
e. Coniferous/Boreal forest is our ecosystem
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