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Unit 12 - Overview
• Introduction to Psychological Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
• Mood Disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Other Disorders
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Introduction
• How should we define psychological disorders?
• How should we understand disorders?
• How should we classify psychological disorders?
Defining Psychological Disorders
• Psychological disorders–Disturbed behavior
–Dysfunctional behavior
–Maladaptive behavior
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Understanding Psychological Disorders
The Medical Model
• Philippe Pinel
• Medical model–Mental illness (psychopathology)
Understanding Psychological Disorders
The Biopsychosocial Approach
• Interaction of nature and nurture
• Influence of culture on disorders
Classifying Psychological Disorders
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)–DSM-5
• Diagnostic labels
• Criticisms of the DSM
Labeling Psychological Disorders
• Rosenhan’s study
• Power of labels–Preconception can stigmatize
• Stereotypes of the mentally ill
• Insanity
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Generalized anxiety disorder–2/3 women
–Continual worry, jittery, agitated and sleep deprived
–Free floating anxiety
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder–An obsession versus a compulsion
–Checkers
–Hand washers
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder–PTSD
–“shellshock” or “battle fatigue”
–Not just due to a war situation
• Post-traumatic growth
Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD
The Learning Perspective
• Classical and operant conditioning–Stimulus generalization
–Reinforcement
• Observational learning
• Cognition
Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD
The Biological Perspective• Natural selection
• Genes–Anxiety gene
–Glutamate
• The Brain–Anterior cingulate
cortex
Major Depressive Disorder
• Major depressive disorder–Problems regulating appetite–Problems regulating sleep–Low energy–Low self-esteem–Difficulty concentrating and making
decisions–Feelings of hopelessness
• Persistent depressive disorder
Bipolar Disorder• Bipolar Disorder
–Mania (manic)• Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need
for sleep, etc.
–Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
–Bipolar disorder and creativity
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
• Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression
• Depression is widespread• Women’s risk of major depression is nearly
double men’s• Most major depressive episodes self-terminate• Stressful events related to work, marriage and
close relationships often proceed depression• With each new generation, depression is striking
earlier and affecting more people
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Biological Perspective
• Genetic Influences–Mood disorders run in families
• Heritability
• Linkage analysis
• The depressed brain
• Biochemical influences–Norepinephrine and serotonin
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Social-Cognitive Perspective
• Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact–Self-defeating beliefs
• Learned helplessness
• Rumination
–Explanatory style• Stable, global, internal explanations
–Cause versus indictor of depression?
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar DisordersThe Social-Cognitive Perspective:
Depression’s Vicious Cycle
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia (split mind)–Not multiple
personalities
–Psychosis (psychotic disorder)
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disorganized Thinking and Disturbed Perceptions
• Disorganized thinking–Delusions
• Delusions of persecution (paranoid)
–Word Salad
–Hallucinations
–Breakdown in selective attention
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions
• Inappropriate Emotions–Flat affect
• Inappropriate Actions–Catatonia
–Disruptive social behavior
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
• Statistics on schizophrenia
• Onset of the disease
• Positive versus negative symptoms
• Chronic (process) schizophrenia
• Acute (reactive) schizophrenia
Understanding SchizophreniaBrain Abnormalities:
Dopamine Overactivity• Dopamine Overactivity
–Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor
–Dopamine blocking drugs
• Glutamate
Understanding SchizophreniaBrain Abnormalities:
Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy
• Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy–Frontal lobe and core brain activity
–Fluid filled areas of the brain
Understanding SchizophreniaBrain Abnormalities:
Maternal Virus During Midpregnancy
• Maternal Virus During Pregnancy–Studies on maternal activity and
schizophrenia
–Influence of the flu during pregnancy
Understanding Schizophrenia
Psychological Factors
• Possible warning signs– Mother severely schizophrenic– Birth complications (low weight/oxygen
deprivation)– Separation from parents– Short attention span– Disruptive or withdrawn behavior – Emotional unpredictability– Poor peer relations and solo play
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
• Somatic symptom disorder–Somatic (body)
–Conversion disorder• Functional neurological symptom
disorder
–Illness anxiety disorder• Hypochondriasis
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Dissociative identity disorder (DID)–Multiple
personality disorder
Dissociative Disorders
Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Genuine disorder or not?
• DID rates
• Therapist’s creation
• Differences are too great
• DID and other disorders
Feeding and Eating Disorders
• Eating disorders–Anorexia nervosa
–Bulimia nervosa
–Binge -eating disorder
Personality Disorders
• Personality disorders–Cluster A
• Schizoid personality disorder
–Cluster B• Histrionic personality disorder
• Narcissistic personality disorder
• Antisocial personality disorder
–Cluster C• Avoidant personality disorder
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