Unit 1: Introduction to P&A

Unit 1: Introduction to P&AI. Anatomy & Physiology

A. Anatomy - “structure” (morphology)1.Definition: branch of science

that deals with the structure of body

parts.B. Physiology – “function”

1.Definition: branch of science that deals with the function of body parts.

C. Structure & function always relate

1.Example: Arteries have very

muscular walls to adequately

pump blood to all parts of body.

II. HomeostasisA. Defintion: The tendency of

the body to maintain a constant internal environment.

B. In order to survive, the body needs to remain at

homeostasis.C. Homeostasis is regulated by

body systems.

1. Negative Feedbacka.Definition: A system

which maintains deviations in a normal range.

a.Example: Blood pressure- If blood pressure goes up, negative feedback slows heart to return it to normal.

2. Positive Feedbacka.Definition: A system which encourages deviations from

normal ranges (homeostasis)

a.Example: Labor during pregnancy. The woman’s

body is taken farther from normal (homeostasis) to achieve a goal.

III.Body Organization (Humans are organized in levels)

A. CellDefintion: basic structural and

functional unit of life.Example: Skin cell

B. TissueDefinition: a group of cells

working together to perform a function.

Example: Epithelial tissue

C. OrganDefinition: A group of tissues working together to perform a special function.Example: Skin

D. Organ SystemDefinition: A group of organs working together to perform a special functionExample: Integumentary

E. OrganismDefinition: A group of organ systems working together to perform a function.Example: Human body

IV.Human Organ SystemsA. Skeletal System

1. Structure: bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, joints

2. Function: Support and movement

B. Muscular System1. Structure: Muscles2. Function: Movement,

posture, heat production

CC. Integumentary System1. Structure: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands.2. Function: Protection, temperature regulation,

synthesize (make) certain body products (Vitamin D)

D. Digestive System1. Structure: Digestive tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestinesAccessory organs: tongue,

salivary glands, pancreas, liver

2. Function: mechanical and chemical digestion, absorb

nutrients, eliminate wastes

E. Respiratory System1. Structure: Lungs, nasal

cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

2. Function: Exchange of gasses (CO2 & O2 between blood and air.

F. Cardiovascular System/Circulatory1. Structure: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood2. Function: Transport

nutrients, waste, gasses, hormones

G. Nervous System1. Structure: Brain, spinal cord,

nerves, sensory receptors2. Function: Regulate all body

functions, detect sensation, control movement

H. Endocrine System

1. Structure: Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,

etc.; hormones2. Function: Regulates

metabolism, reproduction and other body functions.

I. Urinary System1. Structure: Kidneys, bladder,

ureters, urethra2. Function: Removal of waste

from circulatory system; regulate blood pH, ion content, water content

J. Lymphatic System1. Structure: Lymph vessels,

lymph nodes, lymph, spleen, thymus gland

2. Function: Removal of foreign substances in blood,

combat disease, fat absorption

K. Reproductive System1. Structure: Gonads, accessory

structures, and genitals2. Function: Process of

reproduction of life.

V. Anatomical Terminology A. Position Terms

1. Superior – “above” -- Head superior to neck2. Inferior – “below” -- Tibia inferior to femur

3. Anterior/Ventral – “front/belly- side”4. Posterior/Dorsal – “back”

5. Medial – “toward midline”-- shoulder medial to elbow

6. Lateral – “away from midline”7. Proximal – “closer to point of attachment”

-- elbow proximal to wrist8. Distal – “further from point of attachment”9. Superficial – “near surface”

10. Deep – “more internal”11. Articulate – “to meet”

-- The femur articulates with the fibia

B. Body Sections/Cuts/Planes1. Sagittal

--lengthwise cut at midline2. Transverse

--divides body in superior and inferior portions

3. Frontal/Coronal--Divides body in anterior

and posterior portions

C. Body Regions of the Abdomen1. Epigastric

(Middle Upper)2. L/R Hypochondriac

(Upper L/R)3. Umbilical

(Middle)

4. L/R Lumbar(Middle L/R)

5. Hypogastric(Low middle)

6. L/R Iliac(L/R low)

D. Body (Major) Cavities1. Cranial Cavity

-- nasal cavity-- oral cavity-- cranial cavity

2. Vertebral Cavity-- spinal cavity

2. Thoracic Cavity -- rib cage-- diaphragm

3. Abdominopelvic Cavity-- stomach-- pelvis-- bladder-- Split into abdominal and

pelvic cavities

E. Body Membranes1. Pleural Membranes (lungs)

a. Visceral pleural (organ)--membrane portion covering organc. Pleural cavity – area

surrounding organ- filled with fluid

b. Parietal pleural--membrane portion attached to body wall lining cavity

2. Pericardial Membranes (heart)a. Visceral pericardium--membrane covering heart

itselfb. Parietal percardium--membrane outside visceral pericardium

3. Peritoneal Membranes - abdomen

a. Visceral peritoneum--membrane surrounding

organsb. Parietal peritoneum--membrane attachment to

cavity wall

VI.Chemistry of LifeA. Atomic Structure

1. Nucleus--most massive--houses proton and neutron

2. Proton-- (+) Positive charged

3. Neutrons--Neutral

4. Electrons--(-) charged--located in energy level shells/

clouds around nucleus5. Energy levels

--levels/orbits around nucleus that hold e- of certain energy

--each level holds specific number of e- (1:2, 2:8, 3:18)

6. Proton & electron # = in balanced elements

7. Neutron # = mass number – atomic number

8. Mass # = proton # + neutron #9. Atomic # = proton #

10. IonDefinition: Element that has lost or gained e- and therefore

received a charge.a. Important to bodyExample: Ca+ = bones, teeth,

blood clotting. Fe+: Red blood cell function/formation

B. Chemical Bonding1. Ionic Binding

Definition: Occurs when atoms gain or lose e- becoming

opposite charged and attract

Example: NaCl2. Covalent Bonding

Definition: Occurs when two or more atoms share electrons

Example: H2O

C. Chemical Reactions1. Synthesis – “build up”--combining atoms – growth,

repairA + B – AB

2. Decomposition – “break down”--molecules break apart – food digestion

AB – A + B

3. Exchange--Decomposition + Synthesis AB + CD -– AC + BD

4. Reversible--End product may return to reactants A + B AB

D. Acid & Bases1. ElectrolytesDefinition: Substances that release ions in water and

therefore conduct electricity.2. Acids--Electrolytes that release H+ into water--pH: 0-6.9-- red on litmus

3. Bases--Electrolytes that release OH- into water--pH: 7.1-14--Blue on litmus

E. Major Body Organic Substances1. CarbohydratesStructure: Small to large

molecules of C, H + O (in ratio, Ch2O)

Function: Provide energy for bodya. Monosaccharides – simple

sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)

b. Disaccharides – two simple sugars (sucrose, lactose)

c. Polysaccharides – complex sugars (glycogen)

2. LipidsStructure: Substances that do

not dissolve in H2O, mainly C, H, O (includes fats, phospholipids, steroids)Function: Fats: Break down for energy phosopholipids: make cell

membranes

steroids: regulate body process example: male/female

a. Glycerols + fatty acid = FAT example: triglycerols = 3

glycerols + a fatty acid

3. Proteins Structure: Molecules of C, H, O, N -- Amino Acids: Building block of

protein Function: regulate chemical

reactions--energy sources--cell synthesis/make up

cytoplasm--protect from disease

(antibodies)--serve as enzymes** Watch Lamina video

a. Hydrogen bonds-- hold coil together-- bonds may break by

exposure to access:*heat*radiation*chemicals

Denatured Protein: protein with hydrogen bonds broken or uncoiled due

to environmental factors. (example: heat)*** EGG EXAMPLE4. Nucleic Acids

Structure: Large complex molecules of C, H, O, N, P--RNA, DNA--Nucleotide: building block of nucleic acid

Function: --control cellular activities --synthesize proteins (RNA)

--pass on genetic information

VII.Cellular Transport *In order for the body to maintain

homeostasis, chemicals/substances/ions constantly pass through cell

membranes.A. Passive Transport

1. Defintion: Movement of substances across cell membrane from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration requiring no energy

2. Typesa. Diffusion: movement of

substances from high to low concentration

example: O2 from air diffuse into blood and CO2 to airb. Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule

in cell membrane “bussers”example: glucose into cells

C. Osmosis: movement of WATER

across membrane from high to low concentration

1. cells need EXACTLY right amount of watery environment or they will shrink/swell

Types of Osmosis1. Hypertonic – Hyper=more

a. More water than needed in the cell, so net water LEAVES cell to reach homeostasis

b. cell then SHRINKS2. Hypotonic – Hypo=less

a. Less water than needed in the cell, so water ENTERS cell to reach homeostasis

b. cell then SWELLS3. Isotonic

a. Homeostasis is reached

d. Filtration1. movement of

substances across cell membrane due to pressure

2. ex: blood pressure forces water out of capillaries but proteins are left in.

B. Active transport1. Movement of substances across membrane from LOW to HIGH REQUIRING ENERGY!!2. Types:

a. Pumps – carrier molecules push ions low to high

1. Na/K pumps in cellsb. Endocytosis – engulfing of particles by cells

1. pinocytosis – takes in liquids2. phagocytosis – take in solids

a. ex:Phagocytes:engulf bacteria