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TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAM DELIVERY: UNIFIED DATABASE & PROGRAM REFORMS IN INDONESIA
SUAHASIL NAZARA Policy Group Coordinator Secretariat of the National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction
Brasilia, December 2012
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
• INTRODUCTION: INDONESIA IN BRIEF
• POVERTY ALLEVIATION: DYNAMICS AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES
• UNIFIED DATABASE FOR TARGETING
• CASE OF RASKIN: TARGETING & PROGRAM REFORMS
2
CONTENTS
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
Independence 17 August 1945
Area 1.9 million km2
comprising 13,600 islands. Population 236.7 million
Currency Rupiah
USD 1 = IDR 9500 (2012)
GDP USD 0.7 Trillion GDP/cap USD 3,500 (2011)
WB (2009): Lower Middle Income Country Investment Grade by S&P, Fitch (2012)
Life expectancy 71 yrs. Literacy rate 92% Unemployment 6.8% (2011)
Free political parties. Direct presidential election. President Yudhoyono is the first directly elected President – now in 2nd term with about 60% votes
INDONESIA IN BRIEF
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
INDONESIAN ECONOMY: PROGRESS WITH NEW CHALLENGES
Per Capita
Income (US$) 772 922 1098 1186 1318 1663 1938 2270 2350 3005 3543
• Improvements in last decade in terms of economic growth, unemployment reduction , and poverty alleviation
• Great potential to move further
• Increasing inequality
• Poverty alleviation and social protection programs
3.6 4.5 4.8 5
5.7 5.5 6.3 6
4.6
6.2 6.5
8.1 9.1
9.6 9.9 10.26 10.45 9.75
8.46 8.14 7.41
6.8
18.4 18.2 17.4
16.7 16.0
17.8
16.6
15.4
14.2 13.3
12.5
33 32 32
33 33
36 35
37 38
41
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Gini Ratio(%)
Poverty Rate (%)
Real Economic Growth (% p.a)
Unemployment Rate (%)
4
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
POVERTY ALLEVIATION: DYNAMICS AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
CHALLENGES FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAM IN INDONESIA
Poor living below poverty line
Vulnerability easily fall back below the poverty line
Inequality interregional differences in the number
of poor and poverty rates
6
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
Below Poverty Line: 12% of population (approx 29 million people) but about 40% population lives around Poverty Line
Poverty Line Approx. USD (PPP) 38/capita/mo. (national average) For capital city Jakarta appox. USD (PPP) 57/capita/mo.
High vulnerability around the Poverty Line Poverty programs needs to cover the poor and the near poor
2012 Monthly Household Percapita Consumption
Source: 2012 Susenas
7
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Monthly Household Per Capita Consumption (IDR 000)
Thousands
PL
1.2xPL: 23% below
1.5xPL: 38% below
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN 8
N
EW
S
< 500500 - 1,0001,000 - 1,5001,500 - 2,000
Number of Poor People (000)
Gambar Jumlah Penduduk Miskin menurut Propinsi di Indonesia, 2004---------- : A2 Figure Number of Poor People by Province in Indonesia, 2004
Jumlah Penduduk Miskin (000)---------- --------------------- --
> 2,000
High poverty intensity in Eastern Islands (Maluku, Papua, and Nusa
Tenggara)
High concentration of poor people in Java Island
INEQUALITY ACROSS DIFFERENT REGIONS IN INDONESIA
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
Cluster 1: Family-based integrated social assistance programs
Cluster 2: Community empowerment program
Cluster 3: Development of micro and small enterprises
Unconditional cash transfer, conditional cash transfer, rice for poor, Scholarship for poor families, Health insurance for the poor
Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM Mandiri), or Self Empowerment National Program
Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR), or People’s Credit Program
THREE CLUSTERS OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS
9
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
THE UNIFIED DATABASE FOR TARGETING FOR CLUSTER 1 PROGRAMS
SINGLE REGISTRY CONTAINING NAMES & ADDRESSES OF 40% OF HOUSEHOLDS AT THE LOWEST DISTRIBUTION
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
TARGETING EFFECTIVENESS SELECTED POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS
This is a result of fragmented targeting mechanism
TNP2K given mandates to establish the
UNIFIED DATABASE to improve targeting
11 11
Pe
rce
nt
rece
ivin
g p
rog
ram
Consumption deciles
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
DATA COLLECTION: PPLS 2011 DATA COLLECTED BY INDONESIAN STATISTICS (BPS) METHODOLOGY (REGISTRATION & PMT) DEVELOPED BY BPS AND TNP2K
12
Pre-listed Households
(Poverty map
based on 2010 Pop Census)
Individual data from on-going Programs
Consultation With the Poor
Sweeping
+
+
+
Households to Register
By PPLS 2011
Pre-listed Names & Addresses
12
As the Unified Database comes in the middle of Program implementation, the question: Will the Program use the new database?
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
Research
Program Services
Information System
• Ensure all relevant programs to use names and addresses from the Unified Data as their data
• Technical support to Program & Local Government
• IT-base Unified Database Management • Providing different information from Unified
Database publicly
• Ensure validity of different studies to improve program targeting
• Monitoring the use of Unified Database
13 13
UNIFIED DATA MANAGEMENT:
NATIONAL TARGETING UNIT UNDER TNP2K
With Three Tasks
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN 14
WEBSITE UNIFIED DATABASE www.bdt.tnp2k.go.id
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN 15
Beneficiary List of Social Protection Program
Unified Database For Poverty Allev & Social Protection
Eligibility Criteria Social Protection Program
Beneficiary List of Social Protection Program
Beneficiary List of Social Protection Program
Beneficiary List of Social Protection Programs
NATIONAL TARGETING SYSTEM USING UNIFIED DATABASE
Set by each program. E.g. for PKH. The criteria set by Minister of Social Affairs: extreme poor households with elementary school age children or pregnant mothers
Data by name & address, containing the lowest 40% of population
Names and addresses of eligible beneficiaries of the Social Protection Program
Program eligibility can be formulated using different criteria: Geographical (e.g. based on indicators of poverty, education, health, etc.) Benefitting unit (e.g. individuals, households, family) Economic status (extreme poor, poor, near poor, vulnerable) Demographic status (sex, age, education status, types of works, etc.)
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
Raskin
Jamkesmas
PKH
• Fiscal year 2012 and 2013
• 2012 expansion
• Starting July 2012 with new mechanism
TNP2K CONTINUOUSLY COORDINATING WITH PROGRAMS ENSURING THE USE OF THE DATA
THE USE OF UNIFIED DATABASE
BSM • Starting September 2012
Local Govt • Data requests for local programs
16 16
ONCE DATA DISTRIBUTED TO PROGRAM, DIFFERENT REACTIONS ABOUT ITS ACCURACY – THE PROTEST IS REALLY ABOUT COMPLACENCY
Health
Rice
CCT
Education
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
EXAMPLE: TARGETING FOR RASKIN
• BULOG (Raskin distributor) brings rice to village, and village apparatus
distributes (sells) to households.
• Practices of equal distribution, rather than targeted, to avoid local conflict
complacency resulting in poor targeting (wrong price, amount, and time)
Average rice received 4-5kgs (nationally), regional best practices also there
Raskin distributes monthly 15 kg of rice to 17.5 million households, at subsidized price.
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
1. New provincial/district quota distribution for 17.5 million HHs
2. New names & beneficiaries names from Unified Database
3. Better socialization & information to community & households socialization materials to village, incl. posters of beneficiary list New Raskin Cards to selected 1.3 million households New beneficiary replacement mechanism
18 18
RASKIN PROGRAM REFORMS SINCE JULY 2012
NEW MONITORING OF RASKIN OPERATION • Media monitoring of Raskin reforms.
• Cards monitoring in 3300 households to check effectiveness of Raskin Cards in improving targeting, by TNP2K.
• RCT Impact evaluation in 600 villages, by JPAL & TNP2K.
• New questions in Susenas 2013 as new national evaluation.
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
RASKIN CARDS: NEW TARGETING MECHANISM
BULOG
Distribution Point Village apparatus distributes rice at distribution points Households buy rice at distribution point, by showing cards
Bulog distributes rice to selling/distribution points
Local District Govt Local Govt, getting the quota, issue instructions to Village, based on given quota
Households buying rice at selling points
19 19 19
Quota, names & addresses of Raskin beneficiaries sent to Local Govt
PT Pos
POST sends cards to households
Pre-printed cards with names & information
New Mechanism
Unified Database Through Coord. Ministry of Social Welfare
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN 20
RASKIN CARDS
Logo & name of Local Government - Improving buy in
Name, addresses, and Other household info, Including name of the
spouse
Rights of households
Basic terms and conditions
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
NEW COMPLAINT MECHANISM Previously: changes as villagers see fit, not accountability.
Village can change beneficiaries by way of Village Meeting. Official forms available to remove and add new households, within the village quotas.
Reasons of change: (i) move out, (ii) dead, (iii) name duplication, (iv) rich. This is about respecting local wisdoms.
Not every village conducted the Meeting, and much less so filled in the forms
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
CHANGES ARE DIFFICULT QUICK RESULTS SO FAR
INSTITUTION: “It’s done? Not really!”
• Evidence is a lot, not necessarily picked up by policy
• Post Office sending out cards, end up with village heads
• Posters sent to village? Are they displayed? Not really
LOCAL WISDOM IN REPLACING BENEFICIARIES
• It is very important to respect local wisdoms
• Village meeting is there, but results are not necessarily socialized
• When ‘Folks’ says distribute equally – violating the poor?
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
CHANGES ARE DIFFICULT QUICK RESULTS SO FAR
COMPLACENCY: “why change the system, it works so far”
• Govt (Central & Local): new regional quota brings in protests
• Village: new socialization, risky
• On-going village politics between apparatus-beneficiaries-BULOG - addressing complacency.
• Village blames Central Govt for beneficiary data – despite replacement mechanism – this is actually good.
• Continuous socialization at both households, community, and local government important.
• Evidences remain important to collect to understand behavior, outputs and impacts of Raskin program.
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
FUTURE CHALLENGES OF INDONESIA’S TARGETING PROGRAM
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
UNIFIED DATA BASE & PROGRAM REFORMS
• Unified data alone is not enough, must be accompanied by program reforms. Challenge: complacency
• Single ID system would fix a lot of complication. Matching Unified Data and Population Registration Data now.
• Program’s grievance system – complaints on beneficiaries & program implementation.
• Unified data updating system – national registration & local initiatives
• Continuous engagement with line ministries and local governments in unified data & targeting
TIM NASIONAL PERCEPATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN
Thank you!
SUAHASIL NAZARA suahasilnazara@tnp2k.go.id
Policy Group Coordinator National Team for the Acceleration of Poverty Reduction Office of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia
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