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Unification of Sciences:Astronomy, Physics, and Chemistry
I
Takeshi Oka
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysicsand Department of Chemistry,
the Enrico Fermi Institute, the University of Chicago
Tokyo Institute of Technology, 10:40 – 12:10, October 16, 2007
http://Fermi.uchicago.edu/http://Fermi.uchicago.edu/~oka/FTP
Experiments, Observations
Empirical rule
Fundamental theory
PV = nRTPV1662 Boyle
T 1778 Charles= nR1811 Avogadro
Thermo Dynamics
The Ideal Gas Law
1802 Gay-Lussac
1860 Cannizzaro
273 K
Boltzmann
Battery 1800
Alessandro Volta1745 - 1827
Luigi Galvani
Unification of Concepts
Electricity
Michael Faraday
Electromagnetism Light
Electricity Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Electricity Gravity
×
Ion, cation, anion, cathode, anode,electrode, electrolysis,…
Magnetism
James Clerk Maxwell
1791 - 1867
1831 - 1879
• I have long held an opinion, almost amounting to conviction, in common I believe with many other lovers of natural knowledge, that the various forms under which the forces of matter are made manifest have one common origin; or, in other words, are so directly related and mutually dependent, that they are convertible, as it were, one into another, and possess equivalents of power in their action.
• Action of magnets on light Michael Faraday Philosophical Transactions, 1846, p. 1
Molecule, Ion, Gas. Liquid. Salt, Solution, Colloid, Crystal, Steel, Glass, Force, Motion, Electricity, Magnetism, Electrolysis, Light, Field, Discharge.
A P C B
Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton 1666
Friedrich Wöhler
Synthesis of urea, 1828
Unification of Field s
A P C B
Statistical thermodynamics
Quantum mechanicsWillard Gibbs
Physics and Chemistry
PV = nRTPV1662 Boyle
T 1802 Gay-Lussac= nR1811 Avogadro
Thermo Dynamics Chemistry
A P C BSpectroscopy
X-ray Crystallography,……
Joseph von Fraunhofer 1787 – 1826
Approximavit Sidera
"The most remarkable discovery in all of astronomy is that the stars are made of atomsof the same kind as those on the earth." Feynman Lectures on Physics I, 3-6 (1963)
Astronomy, Physics, and Chemistry
1814
A P C B
P
C
A B
P
C
BA
Who discovered H3+ ?
1766 Henry Cavendish
1861 Anders Ångstrom
1911 J. J. Thomson
1913 Niels Bohr
1928 堀 健夫
1935 Charles Coulson
1980 岡 武史
1967 Gerhard Herzberg
Discovery of Hydrogen
Spectrum of H
Discovery of H3+
Theory of H
Analysis of H2 spectrum
Theory of H3+
Search for H3+
Spectrum of H3+
Astronomy Chemistry
Nuclear fusion
Ion – neutral reactions
H 3+
Star, Galaxy, Universe Atom, Molecule, Matter
H → He → C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S,…..Fe…
Star ← Molecular cloud
Interstellar chemistry
HCO +
William Klemperer
Star formation
Formation of molecules Star
Diffuse cloud
Dense cloud
H3+
kT
E
e
CollisionSpontaneous emission
Astronomers’ Periodic Table
Ben McCall
HHe
C N O Ne
Si S ArMg
Fe
Molecules everywhere
CO
HC5NHC7NHC9N
Ungerechts & Thaddeus, ApJS 63, 645 (1987)
●
Plasmas everywhere
Cosmic Ray 0.6 primary particles cm-2s-1
H2 → H2+ + e- [H2] ~ 10-17s-1
H2 H2
e
-H -H
H2+ + H2 → H + H3
+ kL[H2][H2+]
H3+ + O → OH+ + H2 kL[H3
+][O] kL~ 10-9 cm3 s-1
OH+ → H2O+ → H3O+ → H2O
O + H2 → OH + H
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