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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
“Early Homo” -- The First Humans
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
“Early” Homo
and
“Archaic” Homo?
What’s the difference between
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
“Early” Homo
=
Homo habilis
2.4 mya
What’s the difference between
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
“Archaic” Homo
=
Neandertals and others
ca. 300,000 ybp
What’s the difference between
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
“Archaic” Homo
=
“Premodern Human”
ca. 300,000 ybp
What’s the difference between
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
“Early” Homo
=
Homo habilis
2.4 mya
What’s the difference between
Source: Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 33
“Early Homo”
1. Homo rudolfensis . . .
(e.g., KNM ER 1470)
2. Homo habilis . . .
Some people think there are two species:
EarlyEarly Homo Homo
“We agree that more than one species is probably represented, but for simplicity suggest referring to all the [Plio-pleistocene human] specimens as ‘early Homo.’”
“The species names Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis are the ones most commonly used for designating two different species of early Homo.”
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology,8th ed., p. 252 (cf., pp. 215-217, 9th ed.:
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 215
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-30
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-31
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-29
EarlyEarly Homo Homo
“We agree that more than one species is probably represented, but for simplicity suggest referring to all the [Plio-pleistocene human] specimens as ‘early Homo.’”
“The species names Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis are the ones most commonly used for designating two different species of early Homo.”
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology,8th ed., p. 252 (cf., pp. 215-217, 9th ed.:
Australopithecines - HomoAustralopithecines - Homo
Genus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo
Species
• ramidus• afarensis• africanus• aethiopicus• boisei• robustus• habilis ( “early” )
• rudolfensis ( “early” )
• erectus• sapiens
TraitsTraits
1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .
“Early Homo”
TraitsTraits
1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .
“Early Homo”
2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .
TraitsTraits
1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .
“Early Homo”
2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
TraitsTraits
1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .
“Early Homo”
2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
4. Had big brains
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 234
Cranial Capacity
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 269
Time 23 July 2001
Time 23 July 2001
Smithsonian Institution
TraitsTraits
1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .
“Early Homo”
2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
4. Had big brains
GlossaryGlossary
•Homo rudolfensis . . .
•Homo habilis . . .
“Early Homo” =
GlossaryGlossary
•Homo rudolfensis . . .
•Homo habilis . . .
“Early Homo” =
(e.g., KNM ER 1470)
Time 23 July 2001
Major SpeciesMajor Species
• one of two species of “Early Homo”
• inhabited South and East Africa– 2.4 – 1.6 mya
Homo rudolfensis –(KNM ER 1470)
GlossaryGlossary
•Homo rudolfensis . . .
•Homo habilis . . .
“Early Homo” =
Major SpeciesMajor Species
• one of two species of “Early Homo”
• inhabited South and East Africa– 2.0 – 1.6 mya
Homo habilis –(Olduvai, Koobi Fora . . .)
Selected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - PresentSelected Major Discoveries / Events, ca. 1850 - Present
• Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• 700 cc brain
• tool manufacture
• 1.85 - 1.6 mya
Homo habilis –(Olduvai, Koobi Fora . . .)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed. p 185
Time 23 July 2001
TraitsTraits
1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .
“Early Homo”
2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 103
Began (m.y.a.)
Holocene 0.01 (Villafranchian) 1.6
Pleistocene 1.8
Pliocene 5
Miocene 23
Epochs: Epochs: Tertiary / QuaternaryTertiary / Quaternary
began (m.y.a.)
Holocene 0.01
Pleistocene 1.8
Pliocene 5
Miocene 23
Oligocene 34
Eocene 55
Paleocene 65
TraitsTraits
1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .
“Early Homo”
2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
4. Had big brains
www.amnh.org/exhibitions/atapuerca/africa/branches.php
TraitsTraits
1. Are the first humans (Homo) . . .
“Early Homo”
2. Are (sometimes called)Plio-Pleistocene hominids . . .
3. Are the earliest lithic tool makers . . .
4. Had big brains
Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development
1. size . . .
2. the ratio of brain weight to
overall body weight . . .
3. complexity . . .
Brains develop in
Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development
1. size . . .
Brains develop in
Source: Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 230
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 269
Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development
1. size . . .
2. the ratio of brain weight to
overall body weight . . .
Brains develop in
Source: Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 386
Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development
1. size . . .
2. the ratio of brain weight to
overall body weight . . .
3. complexity . . .
Brains develop in
Major Trends: Brain DevelopmentMajor Trends: Brain Development
• increases in area
the cerebral cortex(neocortex)
Introduction to Physical Anthropology, 8th ed., Fig. 7-3
“Early Humans”
Interpretations
Time 23 July 2001
Smithsonian Institution
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., Fig. 10-31
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 259
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
Time 23 July 2001
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
“Early Homo”
Interpretations__________________
And, usually, early Homo
are men, heading East . . .
Time 23 July 2001
Source: Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 33
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7132794.stm
“Early Homo”
Next:
Homo erectus . . .
Australopithecines - HomoAustralopithecines - Homo
Genus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo
Species
• ramidus• afarensis• africanus• aethiopicus• boisei• robustus• rudolfensis ( “early” )
• habilis ( “early” )
• erectus• sapiens
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
“Early Homo”
And after Homo erectus:
Homo sapiens . . .
Australopithecines - HomoAustralopithecines - Homo
Genus
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo
Species
• ramidus• afarensis• africanus• aethiopicus• boisei• robustus• rudolfensis ( “early” )
• habilis ( “early” )
• erectus• sapiens
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
“Early Homo”
Caution!
Note that . . .
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
“Archaic” Homo sapiens
“Early” Homo
is not the same as
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
• Homo habilis
• Homo rudolfensis
“Early” Homo
Time 23 July 2001
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
• are members of the species Homo sapiens (including Neandertals)
• preceded “anatomically modern Homo sapiens” (Qafzeh and Cro-Magnon)
• are different from Homo erectus . . .• but lack the full set of characteristics
diagnostic of modern Homo sapiens . . .
“Archaic” Homo sapiens
Time 23 July 2001
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 268
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
• post - Erectus humans in – Africa– Asia (India and China)– Europe
“Archaic” Homo sapiens
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 253
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
• 400,000 - ca. 130,000 y.b.p.
“Archaic” Homo sapiens
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
• Swanscombe• Steinheim• Fontechevade• Atapuerca• Arago• Vértesszöllös• Broken Hill (Kabwe)• and others• Neandertal, BUT . . .
“Archaic” Homo sapiens include
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 252
Neandertals and Other ArchaicsNeandertals and Other Archaics
Neandertals are a special case of “Archaic” Homo
sapiens
More on that latter
Homo erectus . . ..
Next:
The End
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