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Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Consider the following systems. What are
they composed of, and how are they similar to
each other?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Consider the following systems. What are
they composed of, and how are they similar to
each other?
Urban transport system. Solar system. Legal
system. Circulatory system. Electrical system
(bulb, batteries and wires).
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Consider the following systems. What are
they composed of, and how are they similar to
each other?
Ans. Systems are composed of elements that
interact in order to achieve a common
purpose. Systems follow rules.
Urban transport system. Solar system. Legal
system. Circulatory system. Electrical system
(bulb, batteries and wires).
Qu. What basic things do all living organisms
need in order to survive?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What basic things do all living organisms
need in order to survive?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Ans. Food, air and water.
Ans. Organisms may also need shelter from the
weather and also from predators.
(Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs).
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Why are transport systems necessary in
multicellular organisms?
Ans. Multicellular organisms require transport
systems to supply their cells with nutrients and
oxygen, and remove waste products. As the size
of an organism increases, its surface area to
volume ratio decreases.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Why are transport systems necessary in
multicellular organisms?
• Total surface area =
1 × 1 × 6 = 6 cm2
• Total volume =
1 × 1 × 1 = 1 cm3
• Surface area to
volume ratio =
6 : 1
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Why are transport systems necessary in
multicellular organisms?
• Total surface area =
2 × 2 × 6 = 24 cm2
• Total volume =
2 × 2 × 2 = 8 cm3
• Surface area to
volume ratio =
24 : 8 = 3 : 1
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Why are transport systems necessary in
multicellular organisms?
Ans. This means it has relatively less surface
area available for substances to diffuse through,
so the rate of diffusion may not be fast enough
to meet its cells requirements.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Why are transport systems necessary in
multicellular organisms?
Ans. Large multicellular organisms therefore
cannot rely on diffusion alone to supply their
cells with substances such as nutrients and
oxygen, and to remove waste products.
Large multicellular organisms require
specialised transport systems.
Qu. In what locations are most of the world’s
capital cities built? Historically, why did our
ancestors choose to build cities in these locations?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. In what locations are most of the world’s
capital cities built? Historically, why did our
ancestors choose to build cities in these locations?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Ans. Most of the world's major cities were built on
or around areas of freshwater (lakes and rivers).
Our ancestors chose to settle near these areas as
rivers were a means of supplying drinking water
for their families and livestock, as a food supply,
used for irrigating crops and as a means of
transport in order to aid commerce.
Qu. What connections can you see between the
city of Venice and a multicellular organism?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What connections can you see between the
city of Venice and a multicellular organism?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Ans. The buildings within the city are similar to
cells within an organ. The main river is analogous
to an artery, and the canals and roads are similar
to veins and capillaries. Just like a multicellular
organism, the city has a transport system to supply
essential services (nutrients) and remove waste.
The elements of the transport system within the
city work together towards achieving a
common goal by following certain rules.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Which multicellular organisms do not require
transport system? Explain your reasoning.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Which multicellular organisms do not require
transport system? Explain your reasoning.
Ans. Sea sponge (large surface area).
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Which multicellular organisms do not require
transport system? Explain your reasoning.
Ans. Jellyfish (large surface area).
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Osmosis is the net movement of water
molecules from a region of high water
potential to a region of low water potential
across a selectively permeable membrane.
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Root structure. The root hair cells absorb water
from the soil by osmosis.
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Water moves from a region of higher water
potential (in the soil) to a region of lower
water potential (inside root hair cells).
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Water is transported
from the roots to the
leaves in the xylem by
transpiration.
• Sugars are transported
from the leaves to the
roots in the phloem.
Transport in Plants and Animals
• In the leaf, some of the water chemically
combines with carbon dioxide to form glucose
in the presence of sunlight (photosynthesis).
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Water also exits the leaf of the plant through
pores called stomata. This draws more water
up through the roots and xylem (transpiration).
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Why do plants not require a pump (heart) to
move solutions through the phloem and xylem?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Why do plants not require a pump (heart) to
move solutions through the phloem and xylem?
Ans. Water rises up through the xylem of the
plant by a process known as transpiration. As
water evaporates in the spongy mesophyll and
exits the leaf through the stomata, more water is
drawn up through the xylem. This is a passive
process and does not require the plant to
expend any energy.
Transport in Plants and AnimalsQu. What are the similarities and differences
between the circulatory system of a fish and the
circulatory system of a mammal?
• Fish • Mammal
Transport in Plants and AnimalsQu. What are the similarities and differences
between the circulatory system of a fish and the
circulatory system of a mammal?
• Fish • Mammal
Transport in Plants and AnimalsQu. What are the similarities and differences
between the circulatory system of a fish and the
circulatory system of a mammal?
• Fish • Mammal
Two
chambered
heart.
Single
circulatory
system.
Four
chambered
heart.
Double
Circulatory
system.
Muscular heart,
with valves, beats
quickly and
continuously.
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Transport in Fish.
Fish have a single circulatory system
With a two chambered heart.
Transport in Plants and Animals• Fish have a single
circulatory system with a
two chambered heart.
• The heart pumps
deoxygenated blood
through the gills.
Oxygenated blood is
then circulated around
the rest of the body.
• There is only one
system for both the
oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Transport in Mammals.
Mammals have a double circulatory system
with a four chambered heart.
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Mammals have a
double circulatory
system with a four
chambered heart.
• The heart pumps
oxygenated and
deoxygenated
blood through two
separate systems.
• Oxygenated and
deoxygenated
blood do not mix.
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Mammals have a
double circulatory
system with a four
chambered heart.
• The heart pumps
oxygenated and
deoxygenated
blood through two
separate systems.
• Oxygenated and
deoxygenated
blood do not mix.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What are the advantages of having a
four chambered heart?
Ans. Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood
are kept separate from each other. This is a very
efficient way of circulating blood around the
body. Blood from the left ventricle is fully
oxygenated, and this will be distributed around
the body to ‘power’ the metabolic reactions. In
the two chambered heart of a fish, oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood are
not separated.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Which animals do you think might have a
three chambered heart? Explain your reasoning.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Which animals do you think might have a
three chambered heart? Explain your reasoning.
Ans. Amphibians have three chambered hearts.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. Which animals do you think might have a
three chambered heart? Explain your reasoning.
Ans. In terms of evolution, amphibians are
somewhere between fish (2) and mammals (4).
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What stages of development do you think
the circulatory system of a human foetus goes
through?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What stages of development do you think
the circulatory system of a human foetus goes
through?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What stages of development do you think
the circulatory system of a human foetus goes
through?
• There is a fish in all of us!
• This is because we share a
common ancestor.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What is a hole in the heart? How does it affect
the circulatory system and how hight it be treated?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What is a hole in the heart? How does it affect
the circulatory system and how hight it be treated?
Ans. A hole in the septum between the left and
right ventricles allows oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood to mix, which reduces the
efficiency of the circulatory system.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What is a hole in the heart? How does it affect
the circulatory system and how hight it be treated?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What is a hole in the heart? How does it affect
the circulatory system and how hight it be treated?
Ans. It is almost impossible to operate on a
beating heart. One interesting, yet dangerous,
solution is to induce hypothermia in the patient.
The patient’s body is cooled from 37C to just
18C. This slows all metabolic processes, the
pulse rate slows, and the heart stops beating.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What is a hole in the heart? How does it affect
the circulatory system and how hight it be treated?
Ans. No oxygenated blood flows around the
body, but none is needed because all metabolic
processes have essentially stopped. This gives
the surgeon a window of opportunity to stitch-up
the hole in the septum before warming the
patient’s body, causing the heart to start beating
once again.
Qu. Synthesis and evaluation. What are
the advantages and disadvantages of
taking a drug orally (enters through the
digestive system) and taking a drug
through intravenous injection (directly
into the circulatory system)?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Oral
Advantages
• Intravenous
Injection
Advantages
• Oral
Disadvantages
• Intravenous
Injection
Disadvantages
Transport in Plants and Animals
• Oral
Advantages
Self medication.
No special equipment.
Convenient dosage.
• Injection
Advantages
Rapidly absorbed and
transported, hence fast
acting.
• Oral
Disadvantages
Drug maybe digested.
Slow to absorb, transport
and act.
• Injection
Disadvantages
Requires special
equipment.
Maybe painful.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What are the structures and properties of
the different blood vessels?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What are the structures and properties of
the different blood vessels?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. What are the structures and properties of
the different blood vessels?
Arteries Capillaries Veins
• Carry blood from the
heart at a high
pressure.
• Thick muscular wall
to withstand the high
pressure.
• Absorb / release
chemicals from
surrounding tissues by
diffusion.
• Thin cell walls and
large surface area.
• Return blood back to
the heart under low
pressure.
• Thin muscular wall.
• Valves prevent blood
flowing backwards
through the vein.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. How do oxygen and nutrients move from the
blood into the cells of the body?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. How do oxygen and nutrients move from the
blood into the cells of the body?
Ans. Chemicals move from the blood into the
surrounding tissues by the process of diffusion:
Chemicals move from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Chemicals also enter and exit cells across the
selectively permeable cell membrane by the
process of diffusion.
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. How do oxygen and nutrients move from the
blood into the cells of the body?
Transport in Plants and Animals
Qu. How do oxygen and nutrients move from the
blood into the cells of the body?
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