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Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli
& The Swiss Reformation& The Swiss Reformation
Swiss ConfederationSwiss Confederation
• Confederation began in 1291
• Technically part of Holy Roman Empire, basically independent by 1499
• Noted for its independent spirit & quality of its mercenaries
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
• Born in Switzerland; son & grandson of civil magistrates; Uncle Bartholomew, parish priest
• Latin scholar; educated in Basel, Bern, Vienna
• Came under influence of Erasmus & humanism
Early Priesthood (1506-1518)Early Priesthood (1506-1518)• Glarus – Arranged by Uncle Bartholomew
– Another priest sold post for 100 florins
– Main “cash crop” was mercenaries
– Zwingli served as chaplain, saw 10,000 killed
• Einsiedeln – Chaplain of Shrine of Virgin
– Preaching to pilgrims earned his reputation
– Began to question indulgences
• Grossmunster – Great Church of Zurich
Zurich & Early ReformZurich & Early Reform
• Zurich: key city of Switzerland & important religious center
• Pastorate: preaching, mass, visiting sick
• Preached through books of Bible instead of prescribed Scriptures
• Spiritual crisis: plague, brother’s death, his own sickness after ministering to victims
1522 – Key Year1522 – Key Year
• “Affair of the Sausages”
– Zwingli preached against Lenten fast
– Zurich printer rewarded workers with sausages
– Zwingli defended practice
1522 – Key Year1522 – Key Year• Petition against celibacy
– Priests petitioned bishop to legitimize relations
– Many priests had common-law wives, concubines
– 1500 illegitimate children fathered by priests
– Zwingli was living with widow Anna Rinehart
First Disputation – Jan. 1523First Disputation – Jan. 1523• Debate between Zwingli and Vicar General of
Bishopric of Constance
• Zwingli presented 67 Articles for church life
• City Council supported Zwingli’s Reformation:
– Affirmation of Scripture as basis of authority
– Condemned corruption of Roman Catholic Church
– Denounced: purgatory; papal office; priestly garments; priesthood; clerical celibacy; traditional mass (Lord’s Supper should be memorial)
• Zwingli’s Reformation depended on Council
Second Disputation – Oct. 1523Second Disputation – Oct. 1523• Topics: Use of images; the mass; purgatory
– Quick agreement to reject use of images– Purgatory was never discussed– Instead remainder of discussion was spent on replacing
the mass with simple Lord’s Supper: magistrates delayed implementation; Zwingli’s followers insisted on immediate action; Zwingli sided with magistrates
• No action was taken• Christmas Day, Zwingli did not conduct simple
Lord’s Supper as planned• Many of his student-followers broke with Zwingli
Prophecy Meetings Prophecy Meetings & Swiss Brethren& Swiss Brethren
• 1519, Zwingli began attracting students:– Conrad Grebel
– Felix Manz
– George Blaurock
• At Prophecy Meetings, studied NT in Greek
• Study led to rejection of infant baptism & support of believer’s baptism
• When this reform was rejected by Council, Zwingli backed down
Third Disputation – Jan. 1525Third Disputation – Jan. 1525• Zwingli attempted to suppress Swiss
Brethren at public disputation on baptism• Zwingli coined term “Anabaptists”:
Re-baptizers• Decision: Brethren to
stop meeting & have children baptized or leave in 8 days
• Brethren defied Zwingli & Council, were baptized as believers & were persecuted
Zwingli on Church-StateZwingli on Church-State• State-church in Zurich:
Reformation depended uponsupport from Council
• Christian Civic Union: allied with other Swiss cantons to spread Reformation
Zwingli on BaptismZwingli on Baptism• Adhered to infant baptism
• Nature of baptism– Infants are not guilty
– Baptism not necessary for salvation
– Infant was elect; in covenant community
• Predestination – Fit his view of infant baptism, which was sign of covenant for
those elected by God
– Covenant concept of church
Zwingli on Lord’s SupperZwingli on Lord’s Supper• Easter 1525, Zwingli observed
“evangelical” Lord’s Supper
– Advocated symbolic view of Lord’s Supper
– Taught that bread & cup were signs or symbols to be observed in remembrance & thanksgiving for Christ’s sacrifice
– Holy Spirit uses these signs/symbols to testify that participants are joined in true & spiritual way to resurrected & ascended Christ; but Christ was not actually present in elements of Supper
Zwingli as Reformed SpokesmanZwingli as Reformed Spokesman• 1529, Marburg Colloquy:
met with Luther for alliance against Catholics; no agreement on Lord’s Supper (Zwingli – memorial; Luther – real presence)
1530, Augsburg Diet: Swiss Churches presented their own articles
Zwingli’s Contribution to Zwingli’s Contribution to Reformed ChurchesReformed Churches
• Zwingli set out goal & early model
• Creation of disciplined people of God governed by biblical principles required extensive reform of doctrine, worship, church government & entire society
• Laws enforcing state church’s worship were based on precedent of Israel & Old Testament laws on religion & civil matters
• Infant baptism, like OT circumcision, included children in covenant community
Zwingli’s Contribution to Zwingli’s Contribution to Reformed ChurchesReformed Churches
• Biblical lessons became focus of worship
• Worship attendance was mandatory
• Music & organs, images removed from churches
• Tight control on moral behavior; curfew
• Religious uniformity strictly enforced; deviation considered treasonous; Anabaptist targeted especially
Zwingli’s Writings (1525)Zwingli’s Writings (1525)
• On Baptism, Anabaptism and Infant Baptism – Baptism is sign of covenant: infant baptism is
New Testament expression of circumcision– OT is precedent for covenant community
• Commentary on True and False Religion– Lord’s Supper is symbolic remembrance
• On Human and Divine Justice– Union of Church & State
Zwingli’s DeathZwingli’s Death
• Second Kappel War (1531)– Protestants blockaded routes to Catholic
cantons– Protestant cantons did not unite; Catholics did– Catholics attacked Zurich
• Catholics won; routed Zurich army• Zwingli died• Catholics strengthened hold
on 5 Catholic cantons, which remain Catholic to this day
Heinrich Bullinger (1504-75)Heinrich Bullinger (1504-75)
• Successor & spokesman for Zwinglian viewpoint after 1531
• Influenced refugee Protestant leaders who relocated in Zurich
• Drafted Helvetic (Swiss) Confession, basic doctrinal standard for Reformed churches in Europe (1536, 1566)
Heinrich Bullinger (1504-75)Heinrich Bullinger (1504-75)
• Negotiated with John Calvin for accord uniting German-speaking & French-speaking Reformed churches (Consensus Tigurinus, 1549)
• Wrote historical & theological works defending Reformation & Protestantism (i.e. The Decades)
Johann Oecolampadius Johann Oecolampadius (1482-1531)(1482-1531)
• Led Reform in Basel• Humanist, Hebrew scholar,
commentator on Scripture• Elaborated concept of
“covenant” community as model for Reformed city
• Advocated use of elders to help pastors in providing spiritual oversight
Berchtold Haller (1492-1536)Berchtold Haller (1492-1536)• By 1528, led Reform in
Bern, political & military center of Protestant reform among Swiss & capital of Swiss Confederation
• Supported French-speaking Reformed church development in Geneva, Neuchatel & Lausanne
Martin Bucer (1491-1551)Martin Bucer (1491-1551)
• Strasbourg: located outside of Swiss Confederation; refugee center until 1548; leading intellectual center for Reformed churches
• Reform led by Bucer: Humanist scholar, Bible commentator & theologian, implementer of Reformed models
Martin Bucer (1491-1551)Martin Bucer (1491-1551)
• Pursued middle way or moderate approach to accommodate Lutheran & Schmalkaldic League positions with Swiss Reformed positions
• Effort to recruit English church leaders into united Protestant church effort
• Thomas Cranmer invited Bucer to England to assist in English Reformation
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