View
3
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
UHF RFID Technology
Development :
Design Issues
Sep. 20., 2004
Jong-Suk Chaejschae@etri.re.kr
22 ETRI, The Future Wave
ContentsContents
I. UHF RFID System: Configuration and Functions
II. Code Structure
III. Comparison of Major Air Interface Standard
IV. System Design Issues
V. Sensor Network
VI. Conclusion
33 ETRI, The Future Wave
UHF RFID SystemUHF RFID System
44 ETRI, The Future Wave
What is USN ?What is USN ?
USN above RFID
Everywhere, everything with RFID tags
Sensing ID and environmental information
Real time management via network
UbiquitousUbiquitous
SensorSensor
N
Environment
Hospital
Home network
Logistics, SCM
RFID
Telematics, ITS
Animal tracking
etworkNetwork
DMBDTVDMBDTV
WLANtype
WLANtype
Service and application
BCN(IP based core network)
IMT-20004G
IMT-20004G
Wire-linexDSL
Wire-linexDSL
New radiointerface
New radiointerface
PDA
Ubiquitous Sensor Network
CelluarPCS
55 ETRI, The Future Wave
From RFID to USN
What is USNWhat is USN
Read Only RFID Read/Write RFID Sensing USN Networking USN
BCN
2단계 : 이력 관리2nd Step : Read & Write(~2005)
센싱형Tag
센싱형Tag
Tag with memory
Tracking the origin
센싱형Tag
센싱형Tag
SensingTag
3rd Step : Sensing(~2006)
Sensing & Control
USN
Products
Identifying product code
센싱형Tag
센싱형Tag
PassiveTag
1st Step:Read only(~2004)
Broadband peer to peer communication
4th Step : Communicating(~2008)
USN
RFIDTag/Reader
PDA
Sensor
66 ETRI, The Future Wave
System ConfigurationSystem Configuration
900 MHz RFID Technology: Passive, Cheap, Long Range up to 10 m
RFID System: Tags, Readers, Hosts, ONS(ODS), PML Servers(EPCIS) etc.
77 ETRI, The Future Wave
Multimode Reader Multimode Reader
Multimode: EPC Class0, Class1, Class1 Gen2(UHF Gen2) etc.
RFModule
CPU(ARM 9)
Memory
RS232 LAN
Baseband Module
(DSP/FPGA)
A/D
D/A
RFSwitch
Host
Network
Antenna switching
Frequency controlTx on/off control
Multi-mode control
Multi-antenna
88 ETRI, The Future Wave
Multimode Reader Multimode Reader
Chips for Hand-Held Reader RF front-end (hybrid board : Antenna/Filter/Circulator/PA/application parts)RF/IF/PLL Analog (single chip/matching parts)Digital Processor (single chip : DSP or ASIC/application parts)
Reader CHIP Architecture (ETRI)
Tx_P
Tx_M
VDD1
VDD3
VDD4
900 MHz Passi ve RFID
Reader Anal og Ch i p
VDD2
VDD5
GND1
GND2
Rx_P
Rx_M
GND3
Tx_I
Rx_Q
PWR
LD
DATA
LE
CLK
REF
Reserved
Rx_I
Rx_Q
Reserved
Tx_G
ain0
Pha
se0
I_G
ain0
Q_G
ain0
Tx_G
ain1
Tx_G
ain2
Tx_G
ain3
Tx_G
ain4
Tx_G
ain5
Pha
se1
Pha
se2
Pha
se3
Pha
se4
Pha
se5
I_G
ain1
I_G
ain4
I_G
ain5
I_G
ain2
I_G
ain3
Q_G
ain1
Q_G
ain2
Q_G
ain3
Q_G
ain4
Q_G
ain5
Res
erve
d
Reserved
Reserved
Reserved
Reserved
Res
erve
d
Res
erve
d
Res
erve
d
Res
erve
d
Res
erve
d
Res
erve
d
Res
erve
d
Q_DCoffset
I_DCoffset
Reserved
Reserved
64 LEAD LPCC Package
Chip Architecture 64 LEAD LPCC Package
99 ETRI, The Future Wave
TagTag
Tag: tag chip and antenna
Matrics Chip & Antenna
- Alien UHF Tag - chip
Antenna on a chip
- PENI Tag -
1010 ETRI, The Future Wave
TagTag
Antenna Chip
Assembly/Package
Case Item
Smart Packaging
Food/Drinking Healthcare …
Chip
AntennaBattery
Packaging
1111 ETRI, The Future Wave
Tag CostTag Cost
Antenna
ICConnection bw.IC and Antenna
Antenna Substrate
ICManufacture
AntennaManufacture
Antenna/ICAssembly
ConversionTo Package
EndUser
20¢ 5¢ 5¢ 20¢ 50¢
2-4¢ 2¢ 2¢ 2¢ 10¢
1212 ETRI, The Future Wave
Tag CostTag Cost
Assembly and package technology low cost tag
1313 ETRI, The Future Wave
Tag ChipTag Chip
Function Blocks in Tag ChipAnalog : Voltage Multiplier, Clock Generator, ASK Demodulator, Impedance ModulatorDigital : Control Logic (Protocol Processor), EEPROM (+Charge Pump), Timing Control
Related StandardsEPC Global Class0, Class1 Gen.2 , ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type A, B
Demodulator
Voltage Multiplier
Phase Modulator
Clock Generator
1414 ETRI, The Future Wave
Reading OperationReading Operation
No Battery Tag !! Reading Distance > 5 m !! Reading Capacity > 100 Tags /s !!Reader Digital Processor , Reader Analog Chip , Tag Chip
(4) ASK signal (code)
(1) 900MHz CW (for wake up power)
(3) CW signal (for response power)
TagsTags
(4) ASK signal (code)
(4) ASK signal (code)
(4) ASK signal (code)
(4) ASK signal (code)
Antenna
ReaderReader
LocalNetwork
DSP/FPGA RF/IF/PLL
> 5 m
(2) ASK signal (for commands)
1515 ETRI, The Future Wave
Delivered PowerDelivered Power
Power Receiving and Scattering of the Antenna
1616 ETRI, The Future Wave
BackscatteringBackscattering
Backscattering modulation by impedance variation
1717 ETRI, The Future Wave
MiddlewareMiddleware
SD
DATAXiZ 9200
SD RDPORT A
SD RDPORT B
AONLINE
B
BWD - ENTER
PORT SEL DISC DATA
+
SD
1818 ETRI, The Future Wave
Middleware Middleware InterfaceInterface
Application(ERP, SCM, IMS, WMS, etc)
Host(Middleware)
EPCInformation
Service
Object DiscoveryService
ApplicationInterface
EPC ISInterface
ODSInterface
Reader
ReaderInterface
Reader Reader
1919 ETRI, The Future Wave
TMC (Task Management Component)EMC (Event Management Component)
EMC Configuration
Designer
EMC Configuration
DesignerEvent Logger
MapperEvent Logger
Mapper
Event Management ModuleEvent Management Module
EMC Processing Unit ManagerEMC Processing Unit Manager
Event Filter
Event Queue
Event Logger
TMC AdministratorTMC Administrator
Task RegistrationModule
Task InitiationModule
Task Definition ListBrowsing Module
Task MonitoringModule
Task SchedulerTask Scheduler
Task Class ServerTask Class Server
Task DatabaseTask Database
AIC (Application Interface Component)
PMH (Processing Module Handler)PMH (Processing Module Handler) MF (Message Formatter)MF (Message Formatter) MTB (Message Transport Binder)MTB (Message Transport Binder)
Message Object SOAP Parser XML ParserCore Handler ReaderProxy Handler U/D Handler Security SOAP-RPC XML-RPC
ODS (Object Discovery Service)RBPTS (Real-time Business Process Triggering System)
Configuration UtilityConfiguration Utility Client ResolverClient Resolver
Static ODS ServiceStatic ODS Service Mapping DatabaseMapping DatabaseRule DatabaseRule DatabaseTask DatabaseTask Database
Task ManagementTask Management Rule ManagementRule Management
Conceptual Model of Middleware
RIC (Reader Interface Component)
Reader ControllerReader Controller Reader ProfilerReader Profiler Message GeneratorMessage Generator Reader MonitorReader MonitorConnection ManagerConnection Manager
2020 ETRI, The Future Wave
Implementation Environment of Middleware
HarborContainer
Mgmt
AirportLuggage
Mgmt
HospitalPOC
WarehouseInventory
Mgmt
WarehouseStock &
delivery Mgmt
PostalService Shop Mgmt
Product Information Presentation
(PML based object information presentation and management)
Object Discovery Service(tagged object information searching
technology using Tag ID)
Real-time BP processing(BP automation
of specific tag event)
CommunicationProtocol
(HTTP, XML-RPC, SOAP-RPC)
Reader Event Management(Event filtering and summarizing)
RFID Reader (Multi reader management,Common reader interface)
Operating System(Unix, Linux, Windows, …)
Computer Platform based on Open Architecture(Open source based, JAVA, WAS(Tomcat), DBMS(Postgres))
2121 ETRI, The Future Wave
Code StructureCode Structure
2222 ETRI, The Future Wave
ISO/IEC 15963ISO/IEC 15963
WG2: Working Group on Data Structure
WG4: Working Group on RFID for Item Management
SG2: ISO/IEC 15963 Unique identification for RF tags
The reasons why ‘unique identifier’ is necessary
Ways to use Permanent ID
Ways to use Virtual ID
2323 ETRI, The Future Wave
ISO/IEC 15963ISO/IEC 15963
ISO/IEC 15963
2424 ETRI, The Future Wave
EPC Code StructureEPC Code Structure
EPC (Electronic Product Code) maintained by EPCglobal
EPC Tag Data Standards Version 1.1 Rev.1.24 (2004. April.)
The standardized EPC data consists of
An EPC (or EPC Identifier)
An optional Filter Value
EPC Tag Bit-level Encodings
2525 ETRI, The Future Wave
EPC Code StructureEPC Code Structure
The EPC Identifier is a meta-coding scheme which includes
A General Identifier (GID),
A serialized version of the EAN.UCC GTIN, the EAN.UCC SSCC, the EAN.UCC GLN,
the EAN.UCC GRAI, and the EAN.UCC GIAI
(GTIN: Global Trade Item Number)(SSCC: Serial Shipping Container Number)(GLN: Global Location Number)(GRAI: Global Returnable Asset Identifier)(GIAI: Global Individual Asset Identifier)
At present time, 64-bit and 96-bit code structure are specified in the specification
2626 ETRI, The Future Wave
Object Directory System(ODS)Object Directory System(ODS)
The Object Directory System(ODS) provides a framework for locating networked services(EPC IS) for objects tagged with EPCs
ODS is built over the existing DNS framework
Given an EPC the ODS Framework will either:Return the IP address of the EPC IS, at the manufacturer, holding additional information about the EPCReturn the IP address of an internal server to which the information about the EPC can be written to
2727 ETRI, The Future Wave
ODS ServerODS Server
01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C
Stored Application
Resolver
IP address
Local ODSServer
Root ODSServer
Manuf1ODS Server
Manuf2ODS Server
IP address
EPC formatted as a domain name
Hierarchical Domain Resolution
EPC
Tag
2828 ETRI, The Future Wave
EPC Information System (EPCIS)EPC Information System (EPCIS)
Provides information about an EPC-tagged objectEPC is used as a database lookup key
EPC Information Services enable users to exchange data with trading partners based on EPCs.
Really only provides the interface to this informationMay interface to existing database, apps & information systemsMay provide its own persistent data storage
EPCIS previously known as the PML Server or PML Service
2929 ETRI, The Future Wave
Data From EPCISData From EPCIS
Queries on attribute dataQueries on well-defined time-stamped data
Time-stamped historical data Attribute data (often static)
Observations (Tag readings)
Measurements (Sensor data)
Attributes defined at serial level,e.g. date of manufacture, expiry
Symbolic Location/Containment
EPC <-> Transaction ID
Attributes defined at product level, e.g. mass, dimensions
Instance-level data Class-level data
EPC Information Service System
3030 ETRI, The Future Wave
Physical Markup Language(PML)Physical Markup Language(PML)
Provides a collection of standardized vocabularies to represent and distribute EPC-related information
Example includeobservations by sensors such as RFID readsconfigurations e.g. for RFID readerse-commerce documents featuring Auto-ID data e.g. ASNs
3131 ETRI, The Future Wave
Comparison of Major Comparison of Major Air Interface StandardAir Interface Standard
3232 ETRI, The Future Wave
Comparison of the Major AirComparison of the Major Air--Interface StandardsInterface Standards
Binary
16 bit CRC
8 (64us)
15 (EU)
70.18 (US)
50(EU), 100(US)
ASK
4-interval bit cell
‘0’:2 transitions
‘1’:4 transitions
PWM
EPC class1 (V1)
Slotted Aloha
16 bit CRC
6
40, 80, 160
30 or 100
ASK
FM0 or
Manchester-modulated Subcarrier
Manchester
EPC UHF G2
FSK
(‘0’:2.2MHz,
’1’:3.3MHz)
FM0FM0Return link encoding
Binary
16 bit CRC
Reset(800us)
slow : 16
fast : 80
20(EU), 100(US)
ASK
PWM
EPC class0
9NoPreamble (bits)
ASKASKModulation
Binary (probabilistic)
Aloha (probabilistic)
Collision Arbitration
16 bit CRC5 bit CRC (short),
5bit + 16 bit CRC (long)
Error Detection (FWD)
ManchesterPIEForward link encoding
ISO 18000-6B
ISO 18000-6A
항목
33 (mean)
27 ~ 100
10 or 40Data Rate (kbps)
18 or 100Modulation Index (%)
30 (EU)
140.35 (US)
40,80,160 *(1~4)slow : 40
fast : 80Tag Data Rate (kbps)
64 or 96 128 or 25664 or 966464 (SUID: 40)Tag unique ID (bits)
3333 ETRI, The Future Wave
Comparison of the Major AirComparison of the Major Air--Interface StandardsInterface Standards
160, 320, 640 kHz
100kHz (EU),
500kHz (N.A)
20dB BW
100kHz (slow),
500kHz (fast)
20dB BW
40kHz (10kbps)
160kHz (40kbps)
150kHz
Channel BW (kHz)
EIRP (ISO/N.A.)
Spectrum Shape
No. of channels
Freq. Spreading
Duty Cycle(%) or
채널 점유 시간(sec)
Hopping Rate
-
Up to 200
(Alien)
EPC class1 (V1)
-
1700(US)
EPC UHF G2
Up to 800 (Matrics)
250250Tag Inventory Capacity (tags, max)
-
EPC class0ISO18000-6BISO18000-6A항목
Up to 250 tags
Up to 2256
tagsCollision Arbitration Linearity
Local Regulation
3434 ETRI, The Future Wave
3. Comparison of the Major Air3. Comparison of the Major Air--Interface StandardsInterface Standards
Major Parameters & comparison (3)
항목 ISO 18000-A ISO 18000-B EPC class0 EPC class1 (V1) EPC UHF G2
Hopping Sequence Local regulation or
Pseudo-Random
Local regulation
Local regulation or
Pseudo-RandomLocal regulation Local regulation
FH rise/fall (sec, max) 30 μ 30 μ - - 25 μ
Tag Unique Identifier64bits (40bit SUID)
64bits64bits EPC
96bits EPC
64bits EPC (1a)
96bits EPC (1b)
OID (Object Identification)
TID (Tag Identification)
NA: North AmericaEU: Europe Union
LBT: Listen Before TalkFHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread SpectrumDSSS: Direct Sequence Spread SpectrumSUID: Sub-Unique ID
Local Regulations• USA: FCC Part-15 • EU: EN 302-208
3535 ETRI, The Future Wave
System Design IssuesSystem Design Issues
3636 ETRI, The Future Wave
Items ISO/IEC U.S Europe Japan Korea Tag frequency
Reader frequency
Modulation
860~960
902~928 (26 )
865~868 (3 )
Data Rate
Power
BW 250, 500 200
Freq Selection FHSS AFA+LBT
4W EIRP 3.2, 0.8, 0.16 W EIRP
Local Regulation
950~956 (6 )
908.5~914 (5.5 )
ASK
40kbps
ASK
40~80kbps
860~960 Local Regulation
ASK
40kbps
865
928
U.S
Europe Korea868
902
860 960
Tag 910
908.5 914
Japan
950 956
READER
900MHz Frequency Band in Korea
MIC announced to assign 908.5 ~ 914MHz bands for RFID on June 17, 2004
RFID Frequency and StandardsRFID Frequency and Standards
3737 ETRI, The Future Wave
RFID Frequency and StandardsRFID Frequency and Standards
433MHz Frequency Band in Korea
The 433MHz frequency band allocated to Amateur Radio
MIC tries to share 433.67~434.17 MHz frequency band with
Amateur Radio for RFID
433.05 434.79 U.S, Unlicensed
Amateur Radio
Europe, SRD
ISO, Japan, Korea
433.50 434.50
433.67 434.17 Active RFID(500 )
430.00 440
3838 ETRI, The Future Wave
RFID Frequency and StandardsRFID Frequency and Standards
900MHz 대역 주파수 및 기술기준 현황
860~960 태그 주파수
200250, 500대역폭
AFA+LBT 검토FHSS주파수선택
출력
전송속도
3.2, 0.8, 0.16 W eirp 4W eirp
각국 제정
865~868 (3 )
902~928 (ISM 대역 26 )
국제 표준검토국제표준 검토
908.5~914 (5.5 )
’05. 3월
950~956 (6 )
일본
분배 : ’04. 7월
기술기준 : ’04.4Q
한국
’04. 11월사용중IS 검토 : ’04.6월
기술기준확정 : 10월추진일정
40kbps
ASK
유럽
40~80kbps
ASK
미국
40kbps*160kbps 추가
ASK(BPSK추가예정)
860~960 내에서 각국 제정
국제표준
기술기준
변조방식
리더 주파수
(대역폭)
구분
860~960 태그 주파수
200250, 500대역폭
AFA+LBT 검토FHSS주파수선택
출력
전송속도
3.2, 0.8, 0.16 W eirp 4W eirp
각국 제정
865~868 (3 )
902~928 (ISM 대역 26 )
국제 표준검토국제표준 검토
908.5~914 (5.5 )
’05. 3월
950~956 (6 )
일본
분배 : ’04. 7월
기술기준 : ’04.4Q
한국
’04. 11월사용중IS 검토 : ’04.6월
기술기준확정 : 10월추진일정
40kbps
ASK
유럽
40~80kbps
ASK
미국
40kbps*160kbps 추가
ASK(BPSK추가예정)
860~960 내에서 각국 제정
국제표준
기술기준
변조방식
리더 주파수
(대역폭)
구분
865
928
미국
유럽 한국868
902
860 960
태그
910
908.5 914
일본
950 956
리더
865
928
미국
유럽 한국868
902
860 960
태그
910
908.5 914
일본
950 956
리더
3939 ETRI, The Future Wave
Tag Antenna DesignTag Antenna Design
Antenna Requirement
Small (small area & low profile)
Efficient (maximum power transfer to the chip)
Wideband (860~960MHz, passive)
Orientation Insensitive (polarization, isotropic pattern, etc)
Easy to match the chip impedance
Optimized to object materials
Robust & Cheap
Possible Antennas
Printed dipole/loop antenna
Inverted-F antenna for metal objects
4040 ETRI, The Future Wave
Tag Antenna DesignTag Antenna Design
Dipole Antenna Type Meaderline Antenna Type
4141 ETRI, The Future Wave
Tag Antenna DesignTag Antenna Design
Dielectric effects (antenna detuning)
Absorption (loss)
Reflection and interference
Complex effects
Effects of materials near the RFID tags
Material Effect(s) on RF signal
Cardboard/Wood Absorption (moisture), Detuning
Plastics Detuning
Conductive liquids Absorption, Detuning
Metals Reflection, Detuning
Groups of cansComplex effects (lenses, filters)
Reflection, Detuning
Human body / animals Absorption, Detuning, Reflection
4242 ETRI, The Future Wave
Antenna Impedance Matching
Impedance Matching
Why Impedance Matching? What Method?
915MHz 2.45GHz
• Insert matching ckt.: Ant. ↔ Detector • Modify antenna to have an impedance matching with the detector
• Input impedance of detector is so high.
Dipole Antenna Type
Designed byPALOMAR
Folded Dipoles
Meaderline Antenna Type
4343 ETRI, The Future Wave
Sub-Channel Bandwidth
Required Bandwidth :
Data bit rate (40 kbps) * encoding rate( 2 sample/1bit) * 2 (DSB AM) = 160 kHz
Depends on rising and falling slope
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x 105
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
40kbps, tr = tf = 0 us 40kbps, tr = tf = 1.8 us
High Readability @ varying propagation channel
More frequently try to read
High Reading Speed
4444 ETRI, The Future Wave
Readable RangeReadable Range
TagsTags
ReaderReader
30 dBm
36 dBm -9.5 dBm
-10 dBm
-45.5 dB
5m
-31.5 dB
1m
-37.5 dB
2m
-41.1 dB
3m
-43.6 dB
4m
Power from Reader Antenna : 30 dBm
Antenna+6 dBi
Reader Tx Antenna Gain : 6 dB
Link Loss in Air : -45.5 dB @ 5m
2 dBi
Tag Antenna (Rx) Gain : less than 2 dBi
Other Losses & Link Margin : -2.5 dB (? )
Power transferred to Tag Chip @ 5m = (30dBm) + (6dB) – (45.5 dB) + (2 dB) – (2.5 dB) ≈ -10 dBm
Available Max. Voltage = 100mV @ 50Ω Ant. Imp
Threshold Voltage of Diode in Voltage Multiplier should be less than 100 mV
4545 ETRI, The Future Wave
Readable Range: Mozart (Texas Instrument)Readable Range: Mozart (Texas Instrument)
Power Available at 4 Meters =110 uWRectifier Efficiency =10%Power to IC = 11 uW
Rectifier Efficiency = 1-2 %Power to IC = 1-2 uW
Antenna Terminal Power Vs Distance (m)
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
10000.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Reader-to-Tag Distance (meters)
Pow
er (m
icro
Wat
ts)
Pavail_US Pavail_EuProposed Pavail_Eur
Rea
d
Writ
e
MOZART Specification
Best in ClassBench Marks
Read Power
WritePower
Read Operation Write Operation Volts µAmps µWatts Volts µAmps µWatts
Typ
Voltage Typ
Current Power Loss Gate count
Typ Voltage
Typ Current Power Loss
Manchester Decoder 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.000 0 Shift Register 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.100 0.13 Command Decoder 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.000 0 State Control 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.100 0.13 State Control 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.100 0.13 Anti Collision Control 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.000 0 Arbitration Control 1.3 0.200 0.260 1.3 0.200 0.26 EEPROM - digital 3.0 0.500 1.500 3 20.300 60.9 Shift Register 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.100 0.13 Manchester Encoder(FM 0) 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.000 0 SOF/EOF Logic 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.000 0 Manchester Sub Carrier 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.000 0 Random Number Generator 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.000 0 Write Charge Pump 1.3 1.3 0.100 0.130 Rectifier 1.3 0.010 0.013 1.3 0.010 0.013 Supply Regulator 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.100 0.13 Storage Capacitor 1.3 0.010 0.013 1.3 0.010 0.013 POR 1.3 0.010 0.013 1.3 0.010 0.013 Matching Circuit 1.3 0.000 1.3 0.000 0 RF Limiter 1.3 0.010 0.013 1.3 0.010 0.013 ESD Structures 1.3 0.000 0.000 1.3 0.000 0 RX Detector 1.3 0.100 0.130 1.3 0.100 0.13 Modulator 1.3 0.000 0.000 1.3 0.000 0 EEPROM - analog 3.0 0.500 1.500 14 3.000 42 Oscillator 1.3 0.400 0.520 1.3 0.400 0.52 Total Power 3.040 5.652 24.540 104.512 Requirement 1.3 3.000 3.000 25
Straw man Power Budget
4646 ETRI, The Future Wave
Channel Access Method: FHSSChannel Access Method: FHSSChannel Access Method: FHSS
① 각 리더는 0.4초 이하 간격으로 호핑 패턴 주파수를 랜덤하게 발생시킴
② 타 서비스에 영향을 주지 않고 공유하기 위한 방식으로 채널이 많을 경우에
주로 사용
③ 여러 개의 리더가 동일한 채널 주파수를 발생시킬 수 있으므로 상호 간섭 우려
※ FHSS : Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
.
.
....
Channel #1
Channel #2
Channel #N
Reader #1
Reader #2
Reader #M
.
.
.
0.4초이하 Step으로 호핑 주파수 발생 여러 리더에 의해 충돌 발생
0.4 sec 20 sec(50 채널시)
250~500 kHz
26 MHz
…
.
.
.
4747 ETRI, The Future Wave
Channel AccessChannel Access Method: FHSSMethod: FHSS
Frequencytime
Reader 1
Reader 2
Reader 3
t
t
t
t
Packet
Packet Collision
Packet transmission for FHSSFrequency hopping method (Random)
t
T
T
Packet #n
Packet #(n+1)t
T
T
Packet #n
Packet #(n+1)t
T
T
Packet #n
Packet #(n+1)t
T
T
Packet #n
Packet #(n+1)
Packet Collision in Random Aloha Packet collision in Slotted Aloha
4848 ETRI, The Future Wave
Channel Access Method: LBT+AFAChannel Access Method: LBT+AFAChannel Access Method: LBT+AFA
① 주파수를 가변하면서 미사용 채널을 0.1초 동안 찾아서 일정 시간 사용 후(4초)
다른 사용자를 위해 사용을 중지하는 방식
② 채널 수가 적은 주파수를 효율적으로 사용하면서 타 서비스와 공유하는 기술
③ 사용 여부를 확인하고 사용하므로 주파수 간섭 확률이 낮음
※ AFA : Adaptive Frequency Agile, LBT : Listen Before Talk
.
.
.
...
Channel #1
Channel #2
Channel #N
Reader #1
Reader #2
Reader #M
...
리더 #1은 채널 #1 신호 센싱하여 미사용 중이면 채널 #1 선택
리더 #2는 채널 #1 신호 센싱하여 사용중일 경우 채널 #2 신호 센싱하여 미사용중이면 채널 #2 선택
센싱
선택
센싱
선택
센싱센싱
선택
리더 #M은 채널 #1, #2 신호 센싱하여 사용중일 경우 채널 #N 신호 센싱하여 미사용중이면 채널 #N 선택
센싱
센싱
Talk Listen TalkListen
Talk Listen TalkListen
Talk Listen TalkListen
Reader #1
Reader #2
Reader #M
다른 Reader
다른 Reader
다른 Reader
4949 ETRI, The Future Wave
Channel AccessChannel Access Method: LBT+AFAMethod: LBT+AFA
Packet transmission for LBT
Packet Collision Avoidance in LBT
LBT method (Listen before talk): No collision
timeFrequency
Packet #n Packet #(n+1)
t...
TL
...
TL
...
TL
T
T
Channel Occupied Channel Occupied Channel Empty
Listen
Reader #m Reader #n Reader #k
Reader 1
Reader 2
Reader 3
t
t
t
t
Packet
1. Channel Occupation : Less than 4 sec.
2. Listen time (search for empty channel) : 0.1 sec.
5050 ETRI, The Future Wave
Channel AccessChannel Access Method: LBT+AFAMethod: LBT+AFA
Channel Occupied
Channel Empty
5151 ETRI, The Future Wave
Channel AccessChannel Access Method: LBT+AFAMethod: LBT+AFA
16 sub-carriers
Normalized Throughput versus Reader Density for hopping method
20 sub-carriers
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Num. of reader
Thro
ughp
ut S
5MHz(20 channel)
LBT: T=4 FHSS: T=0.4 Slotted FHSS: T=0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Num. of reader
Thro
ughp
ut S
4MHz(16 channel)
LBT: T=4 FHSS: T=0.4 Slotted FHSS: T=0.4
NMT
eTSλ
λ2
−⋅=
NMT
eTSλ
λ−
⋅=
( ) ( ) ( )⎪⎩
⎪⎨⎧
≥−⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −+
<⋅= −−−−
−
=
−− ∑ N Mfor ,11
N Mfor ,111
1
1 iMTiTN
i
MT eei
MeTS λλλλ
Throughput for Random Aloha:
Throughput for slotted Aloha:Throughput for LBT:
lengthpacket Tchannels ofnumber Nreaders ofnumber M
load) (Traffic rate arrival
====λ
5252 ETRI, The Future Wave
AntiAnti--collision schemecollision scheme
Aloha (Random)
Framed slotted Aloha
- Fixed frame which is composed of multiple slots
• Dynamic framed slotted Aloha (18000-6 Type A)
- Adjustable frame according to the number of tags
Binary tree (Deterministic)
ISO 18000-6 Type B : Random value based binary tree algorithm
- Use internal counter and random generator to identify tag
• EPC class 0 : Bit-by-bit binary tree algorithm
- Bit-by-bit identification with two sub-carrier tones (Data ‘0’ for 2.2MHz, Data ‘1’ for 3.3 MHz)
- Tree traversal: Data ‘0’ and ‘1’ matching between reader and tags
• EPC class 1 : Bin slot based binary tree algorithm
- Multiple tags Identification using Ping ID command followed by 8 bins (slot)
5353 ETRI, The Future Wave
Framed slotted AlohaFramed slotted Aloha
Framed slotted Aloha
TAG4(0101)
TAG3(0011)
TAG2(1010)
TAG1(1011)
STATE
2nd REQSlot4Slot3Slot2Slot 11st REQREADER
Frame Size = 4
IDLE101100 Collision 101011
001101
010100
101100
101011
001101
010100
ID:101100
Reader
Reader-to-Tag CMD
Tag-to-Reader Responses
ID:101011
ID:010100
ID:001101
5454 ETRI, The Future Wave
Binary Tree: Bit by BitBinary Tree: Bit by Bit
ID:010
ReaderID:001
ID:011
Data 0,1 transmission
Applied Protocol: EPC C0
Required iteration for identification of all tags: m X n
where m is the number of tags and n the length of tag ID
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 1
0
[1st Tag Response] : three '0's
[2nd Tag Response]: two '1's and one '0'
[3rd Tag Response]: one '1'
Reader-to-TagData Transmission
Data "0"selected
"001" tag IDsingulated
Initial Data ‘0’ issuing
5555 ETRI, The Future Wave
Binary Tree: Bin SlotBinary Tree: Bin Slot
Applied Protocol: EPC C1
0
000 001 010 011
00 01
[CMD]=00001000 (Ping command)[PTR]=00000000[LEN]=00000001[VALUE]=0
[CMD]=00001000 (Ping command)[PTR]=00000000[LEN]=0000011[VALUE]=001
001000 001001 001010 001011 001100 001101 001110 001111
00100 00101 00110 00111
0010 0011
001 100 101 110 111000 010 011
Tag responses (contention)
< BIn slot >
001 100 101 110 111000 010 011
Tag response (Resolved)
< BIn slot >
1st Reader-to-TagCMD
2nd Reader-to-TagCMD
Tag response (Resolved)
Tag response (Resolved)
ID:001010
ReaderID:001100
ID:001111
Reader-to-Tag CMD
Tag-to-Reader Responses
5656 ETRI, The Future Wave
Binary Tree: Bin SlotBinary Tree: Bin Slot
Start... ...
[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF][PingID]
...[EOF]
Transaction gap
Tcoast interval
Reader
Tag 1 [CRC][1010010010100100 ...]
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 0110] [VALUE]=[101001]
... ...[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF]
Reader
Backscattering
Tag 2Tag 3
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]
BackscatteringBackscattering
Contention
000 001 010 011 100 101 111[Bin modulation]
Tag 1Tag 2Tag 3
[CRC][1010010010100100 ...]
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]
000 001 010 011 100 101 111[Bin modulation]
...Tcoast interval[PingID]
[EOF]
Transaction gap
Backscattering
Backscattering
Reader... ...
[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF] ...
Transaction gap
Tag 1 [CRC][1010010010100100 ...] Backscattering
[PingID]
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]
Tag 2Tag 3
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 0011] [VALUE]=[101]
000 001 010 011 100 101 111[Bin modulation] Tcoast interval[EOF]
Backscattering
Contention
5757 ETRI, The Future Wave
Binary Tree: Bin SlotBinary Tree: Bin Slot
Tag 1
Reader
[ScrollID]
... ...[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF] ...
Transaction gap
[CW 전송]
Tag 1 [CRC][1010010010100100 ...]
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 1001] [VALUE]=[101001001]
... ...[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF]
[Quiet]
Reader
Tag 1 [CRC][1010010010100100 ...]
Backscattering
No reply
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]
Tag 2Tag 3
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 1001][VALUE]=[101001001]
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]Tag 2Tag 3
Reader... ...
[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF] ...
Transaction gap
[CRC][1010010010100100 ...]
Backscattering
[PingID]
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]Tag 2Tag 3
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 0000] [VALUE]=[0]
000 001 010 011 100 101 111[Bin modulation] Tcoast interval[EOF]
Backscattering
Tcoast interval
5858 ETRI, The Future Wave
Binary Tree: Bin SlotBinary Tree: Bin Slot
Tag 2
Tag 2
Tag 1
Tag 1
Reader
[ScrollID]
... ...[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF] ...
Transaction gap
[CW 전송]
[CRC][1010010010100100 ...]
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 0011] [VALUE]=[101]
... ...[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF]
[Quiet]
Reader
Tag 1 [CRC][1010010010100100 ...]
Backscattering
No reply
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]
Tag 2Tag 3
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 0011] [VALUE]=[101]
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]Tag 3
Reader... ...
[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF] ...
Transaction gap
[CRC][1010010010100100 ...]
Backscattering
[PingID]
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]Tag 3
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 0000] [VALUE]=[0]
000 001 010 011 100 101 111[Bin modulation] Tcoast interval[EOF]
Tcoast interval
5959 ETRI, The Future Wave
Binary Tree: Bin SlotBinary Tree: Bin Slot
Tag 3Tag 2
END
Reader
[ScrollID]
... ...[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF] ...
Transaction gap
[CW 전송]
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 0011] [VALUE]=[111]
... ...[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF]
[Quiet]
Reader
Backscattering
... ...[Preamble] [CLKSYNK] [SOF] [DATA] [EOF]
[PingID]
Tag 2Tag 1 [CRC][1010010010100100 ...]
[CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]Tag 3
[PTR]=[0000 0000] [LEN]=[0000 0011] [VALUE]=[111]
Tag 1 [CRC][1010010010100100 ...][CRC][1010011010100101 ...]
[CRC][1110110011100111 ...]No reply
6060 ETRI, The Future Wave
Sensor NetworkSensor Network
6161 ETRI, The Future Wave
RFID with Sensors
RFID Tag with Sensor
출처: VTT
6262 ETRI, The Future Wave
RFID in Wireless Sensor NetworkRFID in Wireless Sensor Network
Sensor Node Platform
6363 ETRI, The Future Wave
RFID in Wireless Sensor Network
출처: VTT
6464 ETRI, The Future Wave
IEEE1451IEEE1451
ApplicationSoftware
NetworkProtocol
NetworkHardware
IEEE p1451.0FunctionalTransducer
Interface
Netw
ork
Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP)
IEEE p1451.0Transducer
ModuleTransducer
Electronic DataSheets (TEDS)
TransducerModule
Interface
Physical andData linkStandard
IEEE p1451.0Transducer
ModuleTransducer
Electronic DataSheets (TEDS)
Physical andData linkStandard
Transducer
Block
IEEE NCAP (May include IEEE 1451.1 orother software interface)
IEEE p1451.0 Functional StandardIEEE 1451.2, IEEE p1451.3, IEEEp1451.4, IEEE p1451.5 or etc.
Optional Network Standards (Not 1451)Optional Network Standards (Not 1451)Legend
PhysicalTEDS
PhysicalTEDS
Develop a smart transducer interface standardMake it easier for transducer manufacturers to develop smart devices and to interface those devices to networks, systems, and instruments
6565 ETRI, The Future Wave
IEEE p1451.5 Wireless StandardIEEE p1451.5 Wireless Standard
ApplicationSoftware
NetworkProtocol
NetworkHardware
IEEE p1451.5FunctionalTransducer
Interface
Netw
ork
Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP)
IEEE p1451.5Transducer
ModuleTransducer
Electronic DataSheets (TEDS)
TransducerBus
Interface Physical andData linkStandard
IEEE p1451.5Transducer
ModuleTransducer
Electronic DataSheets (TEDS)
Physical andData linkStandard
Transducer
Block
PhysicalTEDS
PhysicalTEDS
Establish a standard for wireless communication methods and dataformat for transducersDefine TEDS based on the IEEE 1451 conceptDefine protocols to access TEDS and transducer dataAdopt necessary wireless interfaces and protocols to facilitate the use of technically differentiated, existing wireless technology solutions
6666 ETRI, The Future Wave
IEEE p1451.5 Wireless StandardIEEE p1451.5 Wireless Standard
Bluetooth™ (802.15.1) has been proposedZigBee (802.15.4) has been proposedAll wireless standards in 802.X have been proposedProprietary radio link has been proposed
6767 ETRI, The Future Wave
ConclusionConclusion
In RFID/USN services and industrialization are more critical than R&D itself
Purpose of Experimental Test
To acquire all test data in the controlled environment
To analyze and solve the found problems(in simple cases)
Feeding the analyzed information to R&D Team
BusinessModeling
R&D
ExperimentalTest
R&D TrialService
Typical
BusinessModeling
TrialService
RFID/USN
6868 ETRI, The Future Wave
R&D Activities in various areasSensors, battery, Semiconductor, MEMS, adhoc network, tiny O/S, SAL, Chip-less Tag, etc.
To start from service modelingTo spread RFID Technology and ServicesTo construct RFID/USN InfraTo implement Ubiquitous IT using RFID/USN and
BcN
To make successful story in RFID/USN
Standardization ActivitiesISO/IEC JTC1/SC31, EPCglobal, IEEE1451, IEEE802.15.4, SAL-C, u-ID Center etc.
Regional Country's CooperationJoint Development, Experimental Test Result Exchange, Common Test Facilities.
Global Activities
ConclusionConclusion
Recommended