View
3
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction 20150220.2335
UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWNEEE4106Z
Introductory Nuclear Physics00-00-00 Introduction
February 2015
Emeritus Professor David AschmanRoom 4T7, Physics DepartmentUniversity of Cape Townmailto:david.aschman@uct.ac.za
http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/eee4106z/current/ .*
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 1
mailto:david.aschman@uct.ac.zahttp://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/eee4106z/current/file:///c:/home/physics/eee4106z/current/index.htm
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction CT Gaunt *
EEE4106Z SyllabusUCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introductory nuclear physics and radia-tion for power supply 16 credits, NQF level 08
Course aims: To develop strong concepts of nuclear physicsand radiation in the context of nuclear power reactors.Course outcomes: An understanding of nuclear fission pro-cess and ability to calculate reaction energy.Course outline: Nuclear physics and radiation in the contextof nuclear power reactors: atomic nature of matter; binding en-ergy; radioactive decay; nuclear fission; neutron efficiency; ion-izing radiation; radiation detection and measurement; effects ofradiation on matter and biological systems.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 2
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Reading and referencesEEE4106Z Reading list: Reading list on course website
Bennet D and Thomson J, El. of Nuclear Power, Longman 3e
Lewis E, Fund. of Nuclear Reactor Physics, Academic Press
Martin B, Intro to Nuclear and Particle Physics, Wiley (2006)
Lilley J, Nuclear Physics, Wiley (1986). Chapter 10
Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e.Stewart J Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Brooks-Cole 4e
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 3
http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/eee4106z/current/eee4106zr15.htm
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
What is nuclear power?Convert nuclear binding energy to electricity.
Q: Where does the energy come from?
A: Errr . . . uranium ?
Q: And where does the energy in the uranium come from?
A: Hmmmm . . . Ultimately . . . gravitational energy??
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 4
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-05 *
Segre chart of nuclei
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 5
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-01 *
Curve of binding energy
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 6
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
EEE4106Z Course Outline- Concepts needed to understand physics of nuclear reactors.
- Review of basic physics concepts:mathematics for physics; mechanics; thermal physics; electro-magnetism; modern physics (relativity and quantum mechan-ics); basic nuclear physics.
- Introduction to nuclear physics:properties of nuclei; ; liquid drop model; nuclear shell model;nuclear decay modes; nuclear reactions; nuclear fission.
- Nuclear radiation and its detection: . . .
- Simple view of physics of nuclear reactors:fission, moderators, neutron economy, neutron capture, neutronkinetics . . .20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 7
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Are lectures useful?
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 8
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
What must I do in physics module?1. Consult the course website daily.2. Do the in-course (pre-lecture) reading.3. Come to lectures4. Read the course material5. Discuss with the lecturer, the tutor, your friends, . . .6. Do the problem sets well7. Check course website often for news, readings, useful info,. . .8. Lectures are a guide to what you need to understand - fill inthe gaps yourself9. [Tutorials and practicals - info to follow later]
READ THINK LISTEN THINK ASK DISCUSS . . . repeat
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 9
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Thinking like a physicistUndergraduate to postgraduate
3-dimensions
Be quantitative: calculate using mathematics
Computer programming
Decide what is (not) relevant
Simple models
Interpret results (formulae, graphs . . . )
Keep note-book/log-book/journal
Verbal communication: clear, concise, correct, confident.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 10
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
What is physics?Physics (Greek φυσισ physis, nature) is . . .a description of the world in terms of a small number of abstractideas (principles and theories). These can be applied to a widerange (may be ALL) things, and allow description / explanation /prediction of natural phenomena.
Physics uses mathematics as the language of description.
Matter and radiation obey THE LAWS OF PHYSICS
A fundamental idea is that of symmetry and conservation laws.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 11
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Domain of physics
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 12
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Physics view of the universe
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 13
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Symmetry and conservation lawsOne fundamental idea in physics: most things are conserved
In a closed system, energy, momentum, angular momentum,charge, . . . are conserved [with a bit of fine print to consider].
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 14
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Charge conservation in e+e− production
Conservation of charge, energy and . . .
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 15
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction New Scientist *
Background reading - see web page
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 16
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction cpep *
The four interactions
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 17
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction cpep *
The four interactions
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 18
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
History of the Universe
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 19
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Universe after the big bang
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 20
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Bosons
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 21
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Fermions
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 22
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Mesons
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 23
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Baryons and antibaryons
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 24
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
What is in the universe?
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 25
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Great engineering: plutonium for bomb
USA 1943-5: Plutonium produced in uranium fission reactors,separated. Critical mass determined.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 26
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Great engineering: cavity magnetron
Britain 1940: high power short wavelength (10 cm) oscillator forradar.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 27
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Great engineering: Russian T-34 tank
WW2 really won with T34 tanks, Red Army and 20 million Rus-sian lives.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 28
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Great engineering: Hoover dam
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 29
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Great engineering: BMW 3 Series
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 30
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Great engineering: Nokia cellphone
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 31
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Great engineering: Pentium processor chip
25 percent of US GDP based on physics discoveries (computersand electronics, transistor, solid-state, quantum mechanics)20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 32
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Great engineering: the human being
Brain, body, hand. Evolved to (optimum?) skill/strength mix.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 33
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Great engineering: the human being
Human beings: use gifts to make abetter life for all.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 34
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
World needs engineering, and more . . .
Africa and world need engineering, science, technology, eco-nomics, sociology, education, democracy, freedom, and respectfor human diversity and dignity.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 35
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
What is Physics?
Physics attempts to provide a description of the fundamentalprinciples of the universe.
Physics is based on experiment and measurement.
Experimental observation is unified by building up quantitativemodels and theories.
Physics provides transparent and reliable, yet still tentative,knowledge.
Physics provides a basis for other sciences to build on.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 36
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Powers of ten
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 37
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+0 m: One metre square
Bee on lily flower inpond
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 38
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+1 m: Pond with lily pads
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 39
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+2 m: Japanese tea garden
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 40
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+3 m: Golden Gate Park
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 41
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+4 m: San Francisco
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 42
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+5 m: San Francisco Bay Area
Marin,San Francisco,Oakland,Stanford,Silicon Valley,San Jose
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 43
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+6 m: California
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 44
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+7 m: North and Central America
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 45
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+8 m: Earth
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 46
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+9 m: Earth and Moon
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 47
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+10 m: Four days in July
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 48
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+11 m: Venus, Earth and Mars
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 49
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+12 m: The orbit of Jupiter
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 50
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+13 m: The Solar system
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 51
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+14 m: Sol
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 52
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+15 m: Sol (2)
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 53
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+16 m: Oort cloud
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 54
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+17 m: Nearest stars
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 55
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+18 m: Stars within 50 lightyears
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 56
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+19 m: Stars within the arm of galaxy
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 57
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+20 m: Spiral arm of our galaxy
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 58
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+21 m: Milky Way
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 59
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+22 m: Local Group
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 60
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+23 m: Virgo cluster
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 61
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+24 m: Clusters of galaxies
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 62
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+25 m: Clusters of clusters
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 63
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10+0 m: One metre square
Bee on lily flower inpond
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 64
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−1 m: Lily and a bee
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 65
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−2 m: Head of a bee
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 66
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−3 m: Eye of a bee
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 67
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−4 m: Pollen
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 68
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−5 m: Bacteria
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 69
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−6 m: Virus on a bacterium
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 70
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−7 m: Virus
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 71
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
HIV and AIDS: Microbiology is knownThe structure and working of the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is known.
It is great engineering:
simple design
efficient operation
Seehttp://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/HIVAIDS.htm
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 72
http://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/ HIVAIDS.htm
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
HIV: structure
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 73
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
HIV: life cycle
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 74
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Animation of HIV life cyclefile://c:../images/retrolif.gif
file://c:../images/hivinfec.gif
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 75
file://c:../images/retrolif.giffile://c:../images/hivinfec.gif
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−8 m: Structure of DNA
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 76
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−9 m: DNA molecule
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 77
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−10 m: Carbon atom
Central electrons ininner shell.4 outer electrons.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 78
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−11 m: Inner atomic electron shell
Almost isotropic.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 79
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−12 m: Within the electron cloud
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 80
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−13 m: Nucleus of the atom
12C nucleus shown.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 81
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−14 m: Carbon nucleus
6 protonsand6 neutrons
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 82
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−15 m: Proton
Abstract represen-tationof quark matter
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 83
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
10−16 m: Quarks
No known internalstructure
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 84
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
End of powers of ten
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 85
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Domain of Physics
Physics seeks toexplain everything
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 86
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Aims of EEE4106Z course
Achieve an understanding of the laws of physics, at an intro-ductory level.
Appreciate the mathematical language used to express phys-ical ideas, which leads to the quantitative nature of physics.
Apply this knowledge to the solution of physical problems
Understand the physics of nuclear reactors
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 87
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
PhysicsBasic areas of physics:
Classical mechanics
Thermodynamics
Electromagnetism
Relativity
Quantum mechanics
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 88
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Physics: four interactions
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 89
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Physics: structure of matter
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 90
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Physics: atomic structure
Structure of helium-4 atom20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 91
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Physics: quantum mirage
STM image of 37 cobalt atoms on copper substrate.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 92
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Physics: AFRODITE gamma ray detector
Gamma-ray detector at iThembLABS, Faure20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 93
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Physics: search for Higgs particle
Expected event in ALEPH detector at CERN. Discovered!20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 94
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Physics: Hubble space telescope
View into far space and early time.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 95
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Physics: Hubble space telescope
View into far space and early time.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 96
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Concepts needed for nuclear powerNuclei: neutrons and protons. Isotopes.Binding energy.Nuclear stability and radioactive decay.Fission. Fission cross-sections. Fast and slow neutrons.Neutron moderation. Neutron absorption.Nuclear chain reaction. Criticality and control. Control.Radioactive fission products. Fuel integrity. Safety and nuclearwaste.. . . and lots of engineering, management and (?)politics.
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 97
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction Knight: Physics for Scientists and Engineers *
Nuclear Physics in a first year textbookWe look at a first year text book
Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e 2006
Knight Ch 43 Nuclear Physics
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 98
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
Bits of physics that will be neededTo understand nuclear physics, we shall need
mathematics
mechanics
thermal physics
electromagnetism
modern physics (relativity and quantum mechanics)
nuclear physics at NQF level 7 and 8
*
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 99
UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *
End EEE4106Z 00-00-00 Introduction
********
20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 100
EEE4106Z SyllabusReading and referencesWhat is nuclear power?Segre chart of nucleiCurve of binding energyEEE4106Z Course OutlineAre lectures useful?What must I do in physics module?Thinking like a physicistWhat is physics?Domain of physicsPhysics view of the universeSymmetry and conservation lawsCharge conservation in e+e- productionBackground reading - see web pageThe four interactionsThe four interactionsHistory of the UniverseUniverse after the big bangBosonsFermionsMesonsBaryons and antibaryonsWhat is in the universe?Great engineering: plutonium for bombGreat engineering: cavity magnetronGreat engineering: Russian T-34 tankGreat engineering: Hoover damGreat engineering: BMW 3 SeriesGreat engineering: Nokia cellphoneGreat engineering: Pentium processor chipGreat engineering: the human beingGreat engineering: the human beingWorld needs engineering, and more …What is Physics?Powers of ten10+0 m: One metre square10+1 m: Pond with lily pads10+2 m: Japanese tea garden10+3 m: Golden Gate Park10+4 m: San Francisco10+5 m: San Francisco Bay Area10+6 m: California10+7 m: North and Central America10+8 m: Earth10+9 m: Earth and Moon10+10 m: Four days in July10+11 m: Venus, Earth and Mars10+12 m: The orbit of Jupiter10+13 m: The Solar system10+14 m: Sol10+15 m: Sol (2)10+16 m: Oort cloud10+17 m: Nearest stars10+18 m: Stars within 50 lightyears10+19 m: Stars within the arm of galaxy10+20 m: Spiral arm of our galaxy10+21 m: Milky Way10+22 m: Local Group10+23 m: Virgo cluster10+24 m: Clusters of galaxies10+25 m: Clusters of clusters10+0 m: One metre square10-1 m: Lily and a bee10-2 m: Head of a bee10-3 m: Eye of a bee 10-4 m: Pollen10-5 m: Bacteria10-6 m: Virus on a bacterium10-7 m: VirusHIV and AIDS: Microbiology is knownHIV: structureHIV: life cycleAnimation of HIV life cycle10-8 m: Structure of DNA10-9 m: DNA molecule10-10 m: Carbon atom10-11 m: Inner atomic electron shell10-12 m: Within the electron cloud10-13 m: Nucleus of the atom10-14 m: Carbon nucleus10-15 m: Proton10-16 m: QuarksEnd of powers of tenDomain of PhysicsAims of EEE4106Z coursePhysicsPhysics: four interactionsPhysics: structure of matterPhysics: atomic structurePhysics: quantum miragePhysics: AFRODITE gamma ray detectorPhysics: search for Higgs particlePhysics: Hubble space telescopePhysics: Hubble space telescopeConcepts needed for nuclear powerNuclear Physics in a first year textbookBits of physics that will be needed-End EEE4106Z 00-00-00 Introduction
Recommended