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Trypanosoma cruzi
• Endemic to Mexico, South America and Central America, infecting 8-11 million people there
• It is associated with poverty and poor housing because the insects that carry the disease can live in cracks and holes of poorly constructed houses made out of thatch, and mud
• T. cruzi, causes Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis.
Transmission
• This parasite is transmitted by a different type of blood-sucking arthropod, genus Triatoma, Rhodnius also known as “kissing bugs” by Scratching
• Ingestion of food contaminated with parasites
• Blood transfusion • Fetal transmission
trypomastigote
amastigote
Chagas Disease
• Acute stage: Immediate reaction to infection– Only occurs in about 1% of people infected – Swelling of the eye, tiredness, fever, rash, loss of appetite– Can be fatal for infants, young children and immunocompromised
recipients– Lesion (chagoma) at site of inoculation
• Resolve over a period of a few weeks or months
• Indeterminate : 60-70% 8 to 10 weeks after infection– No symptoms
• Chronic: 30-40 % 10 to 20 years after infection– Enlarged heart and digestive tract– Can result in heart failure (Potentially fatal if untreated)
• Little effective therapy (toxic drugs/low cure rates)
Chagas' disease
Most recognized Symptoms
Of Acute phase
•Chagoma: inflammatory response at site of infection.
•Romaña sign: bilateral edema (unilateral)
is due to entry of the infectious agent is through the eye: unilateral conjunctivitis.
Most recognized symptoms of chronic phase
Diagnosis
• Microscopic examination: fresh anticoagulated blood thin and thick blood smears stained with Giemsa
• Serology: IFAT CFT IHAT ELISA
• Isolation of the agent: inoculation in culture with specialized media inoculation into mice xenodiagnosis
Prevention• Most effective approach
• Insecticides
• Education
• Improving housing conditions
• Sanitation
• Testing of blood donors
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