Tropical Horticulture MAJOR FIELD HORT 423 · PDF fileTropical Horticulture HORT 423 ......

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Tropical HorticultureHORT 423

David ByrneMillie Burrell

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Initial Student Questionaire - 2003HORT 423 – Tropical Horticulture

NAME-----------------------------------------------------------------

Telephone number: __________________ email address: ___________________________________

MAJOR----------------------------------------------------------------

FUTURE JOB INTEREST

FIELD (Pomology, Landscape, etc)-------------------------------

AREA OF WORK (Research, Extension, Teaching, etc.)-------------COURSES TAKEN

Horticulture Related Fields

HORT 311 Princ. Food Processing AGRO 301 Soil Science

HORT 326 Plant Propagation ENTO 201 Gen. Entomol

HORT 325 Vegetable Crops PLPA 301/303 Pl Path

OTHERS PPHY 313/315

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Course materials

• Reference books– List is being developed

• Home Page– Under development– Lecture powerpoint presentations– Supplemental readings– Links for topics/crops etc.

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

HORT 423 – Tropical Horticulture - FALL, 2003Course Schedule

Instructor: David H. ByrneHFSB 428, 862-3072, Email: d-byrne@tamu.edu

Teaching Assistant: Millie BurrellHFSB 429, Email: millieburrell@tamu.edu

HFSB 101, MW 5:15 – 6:30 pm

Lecture # Date Topic

1 Sept. 1 Course Overview and Introduction to the Tropics2 Sept. 3 Tropical Climates, Soils and Agro-ecosystems3 Sept. 8 Beverage Crops: Cacao4 Sept. 10 Coffee5 Sept. 15 Tea

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

6 Sept. 17 Fruits and their importance in tropical horticulture7 Sept. 22 Musa: Banana and plantains8 Sept. 24 Musa: Banana and plantains9 Sept. 29 Pineapple

10 Oct. 1 EXAM11 Oct. 6 Papaya and Mango12 Oct. 8 Sapodilla, Breadfruit, and Jackfruit13 Oct. 13 Tamarind, Sapote, Guava, and Guanabana (Annona species)14 Oct. 15 Passionfruit, Carambola, Mangosteen, and Durian

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

15 Oct. 20 Nut Crops: Cashews and Brazil nuts16 Oct. 22 Macadamia17 Oct. 27 Palms: Dates and Coconuts18 Oct. 29 African oil palm19 Nov. 3 Rubber and Neem20 Nov. 5 Root crops: Cassava21 Nov. 10 EXAM22 Nov. 12 Yam, Taro, and Jicama23 Nov. 17 Vegetable Crops: Amaranth, Vegetable Soybean, Mung beans

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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

24 Nov. 19 Spices: Vanilla production, Cinnamon25 Nov. 24 Pepper, All spice26 Nov. 26 Nutmeg and Mace

THANKSGIVING BREAK27 Dec. 1 Legume crops: Pigeon peas28 Dec. 3 Chick peas and black beans

READING DAYS30 Dec. 16 FINAL EXAM:

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Grading:A Exam 20% 200 pointsB Exam 20% 200 pointsWeekly homework 12 % 120 pointsClass demonstration 3% 30 pointsFinal Exam 20% 200 pointsPaper 25% 250 pointsTOTAL 100% 1000 points

• Weekly Homework– 3 questions with answers

• Previous week lectures• Multiple choice or short answer

– 15 points each– 120 total points + 30 extra points– Graded and compiled for class

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Grading:A Exam 20% 200 pointsB Exam 20% 200 pointsWeekly homework 12 % 120 pointsClass demonstration 3% 30 pointsFinal Exam 20% 200 pointsPaper 25% 250 pointsTOTAL 100% 1000 points

• Class Demonstration– Tropical

• Plant • Plant part (root, tuber, stem, fruit, seed etc.)• Plant product

– Need to fill out Demonstration Sheet– 30 points, need to schedule and get approval– Can do one additional one for 30 extra points

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Class Demonstration Sheet

Name of the sample:Common Name: ____________________________________

Scientific Name: ____________________________________

Draw in the Center of Origin and Domestication History

Plant description:

Culture of plant:

Use:

References:

Name: Date:

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

• Requirements of paper– References

• Minimum of 3 from internet and 3 from scientific literature

– Length, 7-20 pages– Format, follow ASHS guidelines for Feature

article• Extra credit, 4-7 oral presentation of topic

Grading of the paper is as follows:Task Points Due datesInitial topic choice – typed title with short outline 10 Sept. 17Detailed outline – with your list of references 20 Oct. 22Powerpoint presentation – digital/printed 50 Nov. 12Final written paper – digital/printed 170 Dec. 3Total points 250

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Hort 400Spring Break Study Tour

of Tropical Horticulture

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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Any Questions?

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

What is the Tropics?

• Land area that is defined by position of the sun• Highest latitude where sun is directly overhead

Tropic of Cancer - 23.5° N

Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5° S

Equator Intertropical Convergence Zone

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

What is the Tropics?

• 38 % land mass is in the Tropical Zone

Tropic of Cancer - 23.5° N

Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5° S

Equator Intertropical Convergence Zone

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Land Use in the Tropics(area in Mha)

Region % landarea

Arablecrops

Perennialcrops

Pasture Woodlands

World 100 1373 102 3212 4049

Developed 42 652 22 1250 1867

DevelopingNot tropical

20 233 22 794 277

Tropical 38 488 58 1168 1905

Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Land (%) Suitable for Rain-fed Agriculture

Region Suitableland

Marginallysuitable

Landcultivated

Africa(less South Africa)

27% 8% 6%

Southeast Asia 33% 25% 31%

Central America 27% 6% 14%

South America 46% 8% 8%

Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.4

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Land Use in the TropicsRegion % land

areaCerealyield(t/ha)

Fertilizeruse

(Kg/ha)

% Increase inferilizer use

Developedworld

42 3.0

Tropical 38 1.8 27.3 (123%)

Africa 17 1.0 2.7 (52%)

Asia 8 2.1 46.5 (213%)

Americas 12 2.1 19.9 (40%)

Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998

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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

What is the Tropics?

• 44% of the world’s population(National Geographic Society Map)

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

What is the Tropics?

• 44% of the world’s population

1975 and 2000

(Figure 2, The Global 2000 Report to the President, 1977)

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Population Projectionsfrom 1975 to 2000 (millions)

Region Population1975

Populationprojection 2000

Percentincrease

Annual %increase

Developedworld

1,131 1,323 17 0.6

Africa 399 814 104 2.9

Asia 2,274 3,630 60 1.9

Americas 325 637 96 2.7

(The Global 2000 Report to the President, 1977)

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Land Use Changes in the Tropicsfrom 1975 to 1988: area in Mha and % change in ( )

Region Populationincrease in

millions

% Increase inpopulation

% populationin agriculture

Population perha

Developedworld

9 0.2

Tropical 662 (41%) 58 0.5

Africa 174 (59%) 72 0.2

Asia 381 (36%) 62 1.4

Americas 107 (38%) 29 0.2

Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Agriculture in the Tropics• Large proportion of population involved in

agriculture– Developed world 9%– Tropics 58% (29% to 72%)

• Mostly by small holders– Mainly for subsistence– May grow some cash crops

• Mainly with traditional methods

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Agricultural Development in the Tropics

• Diverse cultures affect the practice of agriculture– Forbidden foods

• Religious taboos on eggs, pork, and beef

– African custom of maintaining life stock• Excessive numbers result in pasture degradation etc.

– Rigid group or tribal life vs individual life

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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Agricultural Development in the Tropics

• Land tenure and inheritance– Communal tenure versus individual ownership– Various landlord - tenant farmer systems

• Lack of incentives to adopt higher yielding practices• Lack of incentive to plant perennial crops

– Fragmentation and decreasing size of land holdings

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Agricultural Development in the Tropics

• Governmental Support and Finance– Land tenure reform– Infrastructure improvements

• Communications, roads, irrigation systems, land drainage, flood control

– Availability of financial services (ie credit)• Recurring farm inputs• Associated industries, fertilizer, processing, etc

– Marketing support– Extension and Research services

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

What is the Tropics?

• 50% of the world’s biota

Biomass Production Potential

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Land Use Changes in the Tropicsfrom 1975 to 1988: area in Mha and % change in ( )

Region Agriculture(Mha)

Woodlands(Mha)

% change inwoodlands

Tropical 67 -121 -6%

Africa 15 -36 -5%

Asia 7 -23 -7%

Americas 45 -61 -6%

Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Forest Lands in the World(area in million of hectares)

Region 1980 1990 Totalloss

% lost

Africa 650 600 50 7.7%

Asia 311 275 36 11.5%

LatinAmerica

923 840 83 9.0%

TOTAL 1,884 1,715 169 9.0%

Lyke and Fletcher, 1992

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Why is the Forest being cut?

• Expansion of Agriculture– 60%– Pasture, Perennial Crops, Annual Crops

• Forestry– Roads make accessible to others– Clear cut and selective cut approaches

• Other Developments– Industry, towns, cities

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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Deforestation in the Tropics

Lyke and Fletcher, 1992

• The rate of loss is increasing• 1981

– 11 million ha per year• 1990

– 17 million ha per year– Area the size of the state of Washington

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Deforestation in Southeast Asia

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Deforestation in Brazil

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Deforestation in Brazil

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

High level of plant and animal diversity

• Tropical forests– 7 -8 % of land– 50% of world’s species

• Center of origin of many of the world’s most important crops– Food - grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits– Fiber– Medicinal– Ornamentals

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Origins of Common Domestic Plants

MesoAmerica

HighlandS. America

SouthAmerica

Africa

NearEast

India SE Asia

South Pacific

AgaveCacaoCottonMaize

PapayaPeppers

PumpkinScarlet Runner Bean

Sieva BeanTomato

Winter Squash Sweet Potato

Common Bean

Common BeanCotton

Grain AmaranthsLima Bean

PotatoTomato

AvocadoCassavaCottonPeanutsPeppers

PineappleRubberTobacco

Sweet Potato

African riceBermuda Grass

CoffeeCowpea

Finger milletMuskmelon

Oil PalmOkra

SesameSorghum

WatermelonYam

Chick peaDateFig

FlaxLentil

Pomegranite

CowpeaCucumberEggplant

MuskmelonOkra

Pigeon peaSesame

BananaBlack Pepper

Bermuda GrassCitrusMango

Oriental riceTea

Thin SugarcaneYam

BreadfruitClove

CoconutJackfruit

Noble SugarcaneTaro

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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Local Effects of Deforestation• Livlihood/cultural integrity of forest dwellers• Soil degradation

– Erosion– Loss of fertility

• Watershed flows of surface and ground water• Local climate changes due to removal of

natural vegetation– Less evaporation– Greater heat absorption

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Global Effects of Deforestation• Carbon cycle of the world• Upon burning forests

– Carbon dioxide is released to atmosphere– Enhances the greenhouse effect– May increase rate of global warming

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

50% of World’s Biota

• Other Related Issues• Conservation of unique ecosystems and

plant diversity• Intellectual Property Rights of plant

biodiversity• Sustainable Agricultural Development

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

What is the Tropics? • Warm• Humid• Rainy• Jungle

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

What is the Tropics?• Warm• Semi arid• Shrubland• Grasslands• Savanna

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

What is the Tropics? • Warm to cool• Dry• Deserts

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Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

What is the Tropics? • Cool to cold• Wet to Dry• Highlands

3° F/1000 feet

5.6°C/1000 m

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

Ground Cover in the Tropics

Ground Cover PercentRainforest 15 %Dry season forest 7 % 22%Wet savanna 18%Dry savanna 29 % 47%Desert 29 % 29%

From Table 2.1, Agriculture in the Tropics, Webster and Wilson, 1998

Any Questions?