Triple Helix Seoul National University (9 March2010)

Triple Helix in South Korea:

A longitudinal perspective

Asso. Prof. Han Woo PARKDepartment of Media & CommunicationYeungNam University214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-749Republic of Koreahanpark@ynu.ac.krparkhanwoo@hotmail.com http://www.hanpark.net http://english-webometrics.yu.ac.kr http://asia-triplehelix.org

This is in collaboration with Min-Ho So, Ki-Seok Kown, M. Shapiro, and L. Leydesdorff

Virtual Knowledge Studio (VKS)

Knowledge-based innovation

• There are probably three ways to measure knowledge-based innovation system in terms of networked communication

- Journal articles: Traditional knowledge indicator; Scientometrics

- Patent registration: Innovation indicator; Technometrics

- Web mentions and hyperlinks: Digital (proxy) indicator; Webometrics

Knowledge-based systemness

• A surprising growth of SCI publications with a Korean address

• Increasing Korea’s SCI journals: 79 SCI SCI, SCI-E, SSCI, A&HCI journals published by Korean universities, GRIs, and scholarly associations

• National programs to facilitate the internationalization of research: BK21, WCU, WCI

Korea’s portfolio becomes strong?

• The answer is both yes and no

• YES

- e.g., Research evaluation and scholarly practice become internationalized and national R&D budget is growing

- However, YES part is not the focus of this presentation

Critical points and frustrating aspects

• Only three scientists working in Korean institutions were included in the 2008 list of ISI’s Highly Cited Researchers

• Korean SCI journals are being neglected by domestic/international scientists as a reference journal

- These journals function more like publication places, neither research channels nor information sources

Networked innovation system

• A knowledge-based innovation can no longer be attributed to single nodes in a society

• New technologies enable individual and institutional actors to collaborate in new modes

• Is Korea national R&D system strong in terms of networkedness?

Gov’t policy and TH

• The networked knowledge infrastructure can be measured in terms of a Triple-Helix of University-Industry-Government relations; L. Leydesdorff

• Does Korea governmental policy facilitate the development of cooperation among individual/institutional actors comprising of national research system?

Government Characteristics of R&D programs related to the TH indicators

Park, Jung-Hee(1970-1979)

Government’s strong push to run governmental institutes and joint research between universities and public organizations

Chun, Doo-Hwan

(1980-1987)

Merger and acquisition among government-sponsored research institutes; e.g., the integration of the KAIS (Korea Advanced Institute of Science) university and the KIST (Korea Institute of Science and Technology) into the KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)

Roh, Tae-Woo(1988-1992)

The gradual opening of research organizations in both private and public sectors; e.g., KIST became independent from KAIST in 1989

Kim, Young-Sam

(1993-1997)

Dominance of governmental agencies from early 1990 to 1997 when Korea started to be subject to International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditions

Kim, Dae-Jung(1998-2002)

BK21 project started in 1999 to increase the research capacity of universities through large central government subsidies, thus decreasing UIG joint research

Roh, Moo-Hyun(2003-2007)

Continual promotion of the BK21 and internationalization of R&D, particularly in the academic sector

Characteristics of R&D programs according to government

In response to structural problems coordinating the national research and development (R&D) administration, President Lee Myung-Bak (2008-present) formulated a grand strategy for reforming the Korean R&D system by reorganizing governmental agencies: the new government launched the

Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) and the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE).

While MEST is intended to play a role as key coordinator for incorporating the human resources of education, science and technology for the purpose of national development, MKE has a mission in fostering knowledge-based innovation capacities across the country

The effectiveness of government intervention, however, can not be taken for granted. The systems can be expected to have resilience in following their own institutional logic in the case of academia and to be driven by market forces in the case of industry.

Number of papers by Korean authors in the Science Citation Index and bi- and trilateral

relations between TH-sectors within the economy

R2 > 0.99

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Nr

of

Ko

rea

n p

ap

ers

in

th

e SC

I

Total

University

Industry

Government

UI

UG

IG

UIG

Mutual information in bilateral relations between the TH sectors in Korea

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

T(u

ig)

in m

bit

s o

f in

form

ati

on

T(ui)

T(ug)

T(ig)

Mutual information in trilateral Triple Helix relations in Korea

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

T(u

ig)

in m

bit

s o

f in

form

ati

on T(uig)

2-year moving average

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

T(ui

g) in

mbi

ts o

f inf

orm

atio

n

T(uig)

2-year moving average

dictatorship dem

ocratizatio

n

liberalization

glob

aliz

atio

n

Have changes in government research policies affected longitudinal changes?

First, there is the reduction of uncertainty among academic, public, and industrial research actors in the Korean publication system from 1970 to 1990.

Second, the mutual information among the three TH agencies (Tuig) is relatively stable during the 1990s but begins to decrease over the last ten years. The trend line shows that the TH dynamics of UIG relations have varied considerably; this variation generally accords with changes in Korean government research policies.

Publication patterns in and between TH sectors using the A&HCI Index

R2 = 0.844

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Nr.

of

Ko

rea

n p

ap

ers

in

th

e A&

HC

I

University

Industry

Government

UG

UI

Linear (1997-2006)

Mutual information measured in bilateral relations between TH sectors using the SSCI

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Tra

nsm

issio

ns in

mb

its

UI

UG

IG

3 per. Mov. Avg. (UG)

3 per. Mov. Avg. (UI)

Publication rates of Korean papers and synergy effects among TH sectors on the

basis of coauthorship relations in the SSCI

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

T(u

ig)

in m

bit

s

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Nr

of

Ko

rea

n p

ap

ers

in

th

e S

SC

I

T(uig)

Number of papers

2-yr moving average T(uig); r > 0.99

exponential fit (1986-2006) for the nr of papers; r > 0.99

Source: Science Citation Index 2000

2002-70.7

-71.0-45.3

-54.0-39.6-42.5-32.5-27.6-32.8

-82.4-11.0-18.0-28.6-33.7

-18.9-67.7-26.8

20

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the API-based webometrics tool created for the Korean search engine Naver

This non-commercial software is designed to collect large amounts of data automatically and can easily distinguish between different types of information on the web, which was impossible before.

WCUWEBOMETRICSINSTITUTEINVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS

WCUWEBOMETRICSINSTITUTEINVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS

Webonaver (Webometrics Tool for Naver)Webonaver (Webometrics Tool for Naver)e-Research tool to collect web-mentions of UIG

21

Rationale for the Naver

• “Republic of Naver” (Kim & Sohn, 2007)

• “Korea’s Naver is now the world’s 5th search service provider, behind Google, Yahoo, Baidu and Microsoft.” (The AP, 9 Oct 2007)

• “Google left behind as Koreans Naver-gate the internet” (Financial Times, 2 Jan 2008)

• “IN SOUTH KOREA People who want to looksomething up on the internet don’t “Google it”. Instead they “ask Naver”. (Economist, 30 Feb 2009)

• Yeon-Ok Lee and Park. H. W., (2008). "The Importance of Search Engines in Digital News Consumption A Comparative Study Between South Korea and the UK". refereed paper presented at the Workshop “Gatekeepers in a Digital Asian-European Media Landscape: The rising structural power of Internet search engines”(2008).

WCUWEBOMETRICSINSTITUTEINVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS

WCUWEBOMETRICSINSTITUTEINVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS

22

Component of Naver

WCUWEBOMETRICSINSTITUTEINVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS

WCUWEBOMETRICSINSTITUTEINVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS

Log-in

The articles title (changing automatically)

The press linkedToday’s issues

Quick menubrowser window

Naver search options

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Interface

WCUWEBOMETRICSINSTITUTEINVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS

WCUWEBOMETRICSINSTITUTEINVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS

The interface is fairly self-explanatory:

-Tick or untick to collect either only hit number or the title, URL, and description of the results

- Select which of the search options you want to include

- Click on the '...' button to select the text file that contains the queries you wish to run

- Click 'Run Queries'

The interface is fairly self-explanatory:

-Tick or untick to collect either only hit number or the title, URL, and description of the results

- Select which of the search options you want to include

- Click on the '...' button to select the text file that contains the queries you wish to run

- Click 'Run Queries'

http://english-webometrics.yu.ac.kr/WebometricsTools/WeboNaver/WeboNaver.html

-0.35

-0.30

-0.25

-0.20

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

T(ui

g)

gTLDs-English

nl-Dutch

kr-Korea

Triple Helix on the Web

Source: Web data were collected using AltaVista.com

Source: Web data were collected using Naver.com

Triple Helix on the Web

-0.35

-0.30

-0.25

-0.20

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004T(

uig)

gTLDs-English

nl-Dutch

kr-Korea

UIG trend in Korea: SCI vs Web

UIG trend in Korea: SCI vs Web

Discussion issuesDiscussion issues

Configurations may constrain the further TH developments at national system level by generating more uncertainty than can be managed by three TH actors- L. Leydesdorff