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Focus on Grammar 3 Transparencies Grammar Charts
The purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-teach some of the grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize students with grammar terminology. The Focus on Grammar (FOG) transparencies give instructors a tool to more effectively engage students in class as they tackle a new grammar point together. Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.
• Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure. For example, for the imperative (FOG 3, Unit 2, page 14), read the affirmative statement, �Bend your knees,� and ask the class to name the verb. (Bend.) Ask students what form it is. (The base form.) Ask students what �base form� means. (The simple form without an ending.) Ask students, �Is there a subject?�(No.) Explain that in the imperative we understand that the subject is �you.� Ask, �How do we form the negative in the imperative?� (Add Don’t before the base form.)
• Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form. In the imperative
unit, you might ask students to look at the examples in the chart and change the affirmative statements to negative ones. (Bend your knees. →Don�t bend your knees.)
• Use the charts with Grammar in Context. Ask students to look at Grammar in Context
and find examples that illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use the grammar terms in the charts to label items in Grammar in Context.
• Compare charts. For example, for the simple past (FOG 3, Unit 3, pages 23�25), there
are charts for the past of be and for other verbs. Ask, �How many forms are there for the simple past of be in affirmative statements?� (Two: was and were.) �How many forms are there for the simple past of other verbs in affirmative statements?� (One: i.e. moved or came.) Ask, �Do you use the base form for past yes/no questions with be?� (No.) �Do you use the base form for past yes/no questions with other verbs? (Yes.) What else do you use? (Did.)
• Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts. All
Focus on Grammar charts are clearly labeled (Affirmative/ Negative, Yes/No Questions, Wh- Questions, Subject, Base Form, Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, etc.) Ask questions to make certain students understand what the labels mean.
• Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, FOG 3, Unit 21, page 241,
students could practice the quantifiers by making up sentences about themselves and classmates. (I baked some cakes. I used a lot of cream. I put in a few strawberries. I didn�t use much sugar, etc.)
• Ask students to provide personal examples. For example, Unit 32, page 357 of FOG
3, says, �Eva enjoys going to the park. Eva wants to go to the park. �Ask students to say what they enjoy and what they want to do. (I enjoy playing soccer. I want to join a soccer team.)
Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg
Click the links below to view the Grammar Charts for this level. Grammar Chart Unit 1 Grammar Chart Unit 2 Grammar Chart Unit 3 Grammar Chart Unit 4 Grammar Chart Unit 5 Grammar Chart Unit 6 Grammar Chart Unit 7 Grammar Chart Unit 8 Grammar Chart Unit 9 Grammar Chart Unit 10 Grammar Chart Unit 11 Grammar Chart Unit 12 Grammar Chart Unit 13 Grammar Chart Unit 14 Grammar Chart Unit 15 Grammar Chart Unit 16 Grammar Chart Unit 17 Grammar Chart Unit 18 Grammar Chart Unit 19 Grammar Chart Unit 20 Grammar Chart Unit 21 Grammar Chart Unit 22 Grammar Chart Unit 23 Grammar Chart Unit 24 Grammar Chart Unit 25 Grammar Chart Unit 26 Grammar Chart Unit 27 Grammar Chart Unit 28 Grammar Chart Unit 29 Grammar Chart Unit 30 Grammar Chart Unit 31 Grammar Chart Unit 32 Grammar Chart Unit 33 Grammar Chart Unit 34 Grammar Chart Unit 35 Grammar Chart Unit 36 Grammar Chart Unit 37
Negative Statements
Base Form Subject Do Not of Verb
I do
He does not travel often.
We do
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 1 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Affirmative Statements
Subject Verb
I
Youtravel.
He
She often travels.
It
We
You travel.
They
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Statements
Base Form Subject Be of Verb + -ing
I am*
You are
He
She is traveling now.
It
We
You are
They
*For contractions of I am, you are, etc., see Appendix 26 on page A-12.
Negative Statements
Base Form Subject Be Not of Verb + -ing
I am
He is not traveling now.
We are
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Do Subject of Verb
Does he travel often?
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Be Subject of Verb + -ing
Is he traveling now?
Short Answers
Yes, is.
No,he
isn’t.
Short Answers
Yes, does.
No,he
doesn’t.
Wh- Questions
Base Form Wh- Word Do Subject of Verb
Where do you usually travel?
Wh- Questions
Base Form Wh- Word Be Subject of Verb + -ing
Where are you traveling now?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 2 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Negative
Base Form Don’t of Verb
Don’tbend your knees.
raise your fists.
IMPERATIVE
Affirmative
Base Form of Verb
Bend your knees.
Raise your fists.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 3 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
SIMPLE PAST: BE
Affirmative Statements
Subject Be
I was
You were
He
She was famous.
It
We
You were
They
Negative Statements
Subject Be + Not
I wasn’t
You weren’t
He
She wasn’t famous.
It
We
You weren’t
They
Yes / No Questions
Be Subject
Was I
Were you
he
Was she famous?
it
we
Were you
they
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you were. you weren’t.
I was. I wasn’t.
he he
Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.
it it
you you
we were. we weren’t.
they they
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Be Subject
was I
were you
Where he
When was she famous?Why it
we
were you
they
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 3 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you you
I I
he he
Yes,she
did. No,she
didn’t.it it
you you
we we
they they
SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS
Affirmative Statements
Subject Verb
I
You moved
He traveledto Japan.
She
It
We came*
You left*in 1684.
They
Negative Statements
Base Form Subject Did not of Verb
I
You move
He travelto Japan.
Shedidn’t
It
We comein 1684.
You leave
They
*Come (came) and leave (left) are irregular verbs. See Appendix 1 on page A-1 for a list of irregular verbs.
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Did Subject of Verb
I
you move
he travelto Japan?
Didshe
it
we come
you leavein 1684?
they
Wh- Questions
Base Form Wh- Word Did Subject of Verb
I
you moveto Japan?
he travel
Whendid
she
Why it
we come?
you leave?
they
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 4 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Yes / No Questions
Was / Base FormWere Subject of Verb + -ing
Was I
Were you
he eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.?
Was she working when Eve called?
it sleeping while Sal was talking?
we
Were you
they
Statements
Was / Base FormSubject Were (Not) of Verb + -ing
I was
You were
He eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.
She was (not) working when Eve called.
It sleeping while Sal was talking.
We
You were
They
PAST PROGRESSIVE
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you were. you weren’t.
I was. I wasn’t.
he he
Yes, she was. No, she wasn’t.it it
you you
we were. we weren’t.
they they
Wh- Questions
Was / Base FormWh- Word Were Subject of Verb + ing
was I
were you
he eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.?
Why was she working when Eve called?
it sleeping while Sal was talking?
we
were you
they
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 5 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
USED TO
Statements
Base FormSubject Used to of Verb
I
You
He
She used to
It didn’t use tobe popular.
We
You
They
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you you
I I
he he
Yes,she
did. No,she
didn’t.it it
you you
we we
they they
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Did Subject Use to of Verb
I
you
he
Didshe
use to be popular?it
we
you
they
Wh- Questions
Base FormWh- Word Did Subject Use to of Verb
I
you
he
When didshe
use to be popular?it
we
you
they
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 6 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
BE GOING TO FOR THE FUTURE
Statements
Base Form Subject Be (Not) Going to of Verb
I am*
You are
He
She is (not) going to leave soon.
It
We
You are
They
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Be Subject Going to of Verb
Am I
Are you
he
Is she going to leave soon?
it
we
Are you
they
* For contractions of I am, you are, etc., see Appendix 26 on page A-12.
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you are. you’re
I am. I’m
he he’s
Yes, she is. No, she’s not.
it it’s
you you’re
we are. we’re
they they’re
Wh- Questions
Base FormWh- Word Be Subject Going to of Verb
Whenare you going to leave?
Why
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 6 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Statements
Subject + Be (Not) + Base Form + -ing
We’re(not) leaving soon.
It’s
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE* FOR THE FUTURE
WILL FOR THE FUTURE
*For a complete presentation of present progressive and simple present forms, see Unit 1, page 3.
* For contractions of I will, you will, etc., see Appendix 26, page A-12.
Statements
Base Form Subject Will (not) of Verb
I
You
He
Shewill (not)* leave soon.
It
We
You
They
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you you
I I
he he
Yes,she
will. No,she
won’t.it it
you you
we we
they they
Yes / No Questions
Base FormWill Subject of Verb
I
you
he
Willshe
leave soon?it
we
you
they
Wh- Questions
Base Form Wh- Word Will Subject of Verb
When will you leave?
Statements
Subject Verb
We leave
It leavesMonday at 6:45 A.M.
SIMPLE PRESENT* FOR THE FUTURE
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 7 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Yes / No Questions
Main Clause Time Clause
Will II graduate?
Am I going to
Will sheget a job when she graduates?
Is she going to
Will theythey graduate?
Are they going to
Statements
Main Clause Time Clause
I willI graduate.
I am going to
She willget a job when she graduates.
She is going to
They willthey graduate.
They are going to
FUTURE TIME CLAUSES
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
youwill.
youwon’t.
are. aren’t.
Yes, shewill.
No, shewon’t.
is. isn’t.
theywill.
theywon’t.
are. aren’t.
Wh- Questions
Main Clause Time Clause
will II graduate?
am I going to
Wherewill she
get a job when she graduates?is she going to
will theythey graduate?
are they going to
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 8 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
WH- QUESTIONS: SUBJECT AND OBJECT
Questions About the Subject
Wh- WordSubject Verb Object
Who sawHarry?
the box?
Answers
Subject Verb Object
Marta sawhim.
it.
Questions About the Object
Wh-Word Auxiliary MainObject Verb Subject Verb
Who(m)
Whatdid Marta see?
Answers
Subject Verb Object
She sawHarry.
the box.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 9 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
REFLEXIVE AND RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
Reflexive Pronouns
Subject ReflexivePronoun Pronoun
I myself
You yourself
He himself
Shelooked at
herselfin the mirror.
It itself
We ourselves
You yourselves
They themselves
Reciprocal Pronouns
Subject ReciprocalPronoun Pronoun
We
You looked ateach other.
Theyone another.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 10 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Object Subject Verb (Noun / Pronoun) Particle
puthis lab coat
on.
Heit
helpedhis students
out.them
PHRASAL VERBS
Transitive Phrasal Verbs
Object Subject Verb Particle (Noun)
Heput on his lab coat.
helped out his students.
Intransitive Phrasal Verbs
Subject Verb Particle
She started over.
He grew up in Texas.
They got back early.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 11 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
Statements
Subject Can / Could (not) Base Form of Verb
I
You can (not) now.
He
She dance
We
You could (not) last year.
They
Contractions
cannot
can not= can’t
could not = couldn’t
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you you
I can. I can’t.he he
Yes, she No, she
you you
we could. we couldn’t.
they they
Yes / No Questions
Can / Could Subject Base Form of Verb
I
Can you
he
she dance?
we
Could you
they
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Can / Could Subject Base Form of Verb
How wellcan she
dance?could you
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 11 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Statements
Subject Be (Not) Able to Base Form of Verb
I am
You are
He
Sheis (not) able to practice.
We
You are
They
ABILITY: BE ABLE TO
Yes / No Questions
Be Subject Able to Base Form of Verb
Is sheable to practice?
Are you
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Yes,she is.
No,she isn’t.
I am. I’m not.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Be Subject Able to Base Form of Verb
When is sheable to practice?
How often are you
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 12 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PERMISSION: CAN, COULD, MAY, DO YOU MIND IF
Questions: Can / Could / May
Base FormCan / Could / May* Subject of Verb
I
Can he
Could she stay here?
May we
they
*Can, could, and may are modals. Modals have only oneform. They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
NOTE: May not is not contracted.
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you you
hecan.
hecan’t.
Yes, shemay.
No, shemay not.
you you
they they
Statements: Can / May
Base Form Subject Can / May (not) of Verb
Youcan (not)
Hemay (not)
stay here.
They
Questions: Do you mind if
Do you mind if Subject Verb
I
we stay
theyDo you mind if
hehere?
she stays
it
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Not at all.
No, I don’t. Yes, I do.
Go right ahead.
NOTE: See Grammar Note 4 for a full explanation.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 13 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
REQUESTS: CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD, WOULD YOU MIND
Questions: Can / Could / Will / Would
Can / Could Base Form Will / Would* Subject of Verb
Can
Could
Will
Would
mail this letter for me?
you drive me to the doctor?
pick up some groceries?
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Sure
Certainly(I can).
I’m sorry, but I can’t.
Of course(I will).
Questions: Would you mind
Would you mind Gerund
mailing this letter for me?
Would you mind driving me to the doctor?
picking up some groceries?
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Not at all.
I’d be glad to. I’m sorry, but I can’t.
No problem.
*Can, could, will, and would are modals. Modals do not have -sin the third-person singular.
NOTE: See Grammar Note 4 for a full explanation.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 14 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
Statements
Should / Ought to / Base FormSubject Had Better* of Verb
I
You
He should (not)
She ought to reply.
We had better (not)
You
They
*Should and ought to are modals. Had better issimilar to a modal. These forms do not have -s inthe third-person singular.
Contractions
should not = shouldn’t
had better = ’d better
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Should Subject of Verb
I
he
Should she reply?
we
they
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you you
he he
Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.
you you
they they
Wh- Questions
Base Form Wh- Word Should Subject of Verb
I
How he
When should she send it?
Where we
they
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 15 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
SUGGESTIONS: LET’S, COULD, WHY DON’T, WHY NOT, HOW ABOUT
Let’s
Base Form Let’s (not) of Verb
Let’s (not)take the ferry.
stay in a castle.
Could
Base Form Subject Could* of Verb
I
You take the ferry.
Hecould
She
We stay in a castle.
They
*Could is a modal. Modals have only one form.They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
Why don’t
Base Form Why Don’t Subject of Verb
I
don’twe take the ferry?
Whyyou
they
he stay in a castle?doesn’t
she
Why not
Base Form Why not of Verb
take the ferry?Why not
stay in a castle?
How about
How about Gerund / Noun
staying in a castle?How about
a castle?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 16 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PRESENT PERFECT: SINCE AND FOR
Statements
Subject Have (not) Past Participle Since / For
I
You*
Wehave (not) been†
They heresince 1995.
Hefor a long time.
She has (not) lived
It
*You is both singular and plural.†Been is an irregular past participle. See Grammar Notes on page 185 andAppendix 1 on page A-1 for a list of irregular verbs.
Yes / No Questions
Have Subject Past Participle Since / For
I
Haveyou
beenwe
they heresince 1995?
hefor a long time?
Has she lived
it
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you you
I / we I / we
youhave.
youhaven’t.
Yes, they No, they
he he
she has. she hasn’t.
it it
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Have Subject Past Participle
I
haveyou
beenwe
How long they here?
he
has she lived
it
Short Answers
Since 1995.For many years.
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 16 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Contractions
Affirmative Negative
I have = I’ve he has = he’s have not = haven’t
you have = you’ve she has = she’s has not = hasn’t
we have = we’ve it has = it’s
they have = they’ve
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 17 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PRESENT PERFECT: ALREADY AND YET
Affirmative Statements: Already
Subject Have Already Past Participle
They have mailed the invitations.
She hasalready
gotten her invitation.
Negative Statements: Yet
Subject Have not Past Participle Yet
They haven’t mailed the invitations
She hasn’t gotten her invitationyet.
Yes / No Questions: Yet
Have Subject Past Participle Yet
Have they mailed the invitations
Has she gotten her invitationyet?
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
they have. they haven’t.Yes,
she has.No,
she hasn’t.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 18 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PRESENT PERFECT: INDEFINITE PAST
Statements
Subject Have (not) Past Participle
They have (not) visited Egypt.
She has (not) been there.
See page 183 in Unit 16 for a complete presentation ofpresent perfect forms.
Statements with Adverbs
Subject Have (not) Adverb Past Participle Adverb
They have visited Egypt.
She has been there.
They have (not) visited Egypt
She has (not) been there
Yes / No Questions
Have Subject (Ever) Past Participle
Have they(ever)
visited Egypt?
Has she been there?
neverjustrecently
twice.lately.recently.
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Yes,they have.
No,they haven’t.
she has. she hasn’t.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Have Subject Past Participle
How oftenhave they visited Egypt?
has she been there?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 19 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST
Present Perfect
She has been here since 2003.
They’ve lived here for 20 years.
We’ve spoken once today.
He hasn’t flown this month.
Has she called him today?
Simple Past
She was in Detroit in 2000.
They lived there for 10 years.
We spoke twice yesterday.
She didn’t fly last month.
Did she call him yesterday?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 20 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE AND PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Statements
Base Form Subject Have (not) Been of Verb + -ing (Since / For)
I
You*have (not)
We
Theybeen writing
(since 2004).
He(for years).
She has (not)
It
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Have Subject Been of Verb + -ing (Since / For)
Have youbeen writing
(since 2004)?
Has he (for years)?
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
I / we have. I / we haven’t.Yes,
he has.No,
he hasn’t.
*You is both singular and plural.
Wh- Questions
Base Form Wh- Word Have Subject Been of Verb + -ing
have youHow long
has hebeen writing?
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE AND PRESENT PERFECT
Present Perfect
They have lived here for 5 million years.
I’ve read two books about elephants.
Dr. Owen has written many articles.
She’s worked in many countries.
Present Perfect Progressive
They have been living here for 5 million years.
I’ve been reading this book since Monday.
Dr. Owen has been writing articles since 1990.
She’s been working in Niger for a year.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 21 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS
Count Nouns
Article / Number Noun Verb
Asailor is
Onebrave.
Thesailors are
Two
Non-count Nouns
Noun Verb
Oil necessary.
is
Sailing dangerous.
Quantifiers and Count Nouns
Quantifier Noun
some
enough
I sawa lot of
a few sailors.
several islands.
many boats.
any
I didn’t seeenough
a lot of
many
Quantifiers and Non-count Nouns
Quantifier Noun
some
enough
I useda lot of
a little oil.
a great deal of salt.
much honey.
any
I didn’t useenough
a lot of
much
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 22 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
ARTICLES: INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE
INDEFINITE DEFINITE
Singular Count Nouns
A / An (Adjective) Noun
Let’s read a story.
This is an old story.
Singular Count Nouns
The (Adjective) Noun
Let’s read the story by Aesop.
It’s the oldest story.
Plural Count Nouns / Non-count Nouns
(Some) (Adjective) Noun
Let’s listen to(some)
stories on this CD.
This CD has nice music too.
Plural Count Nouns / Non-count Nouns
The (Adjective) Noun
Let’s listen tothe
stories by Aesop.
I like old music on this CD.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 23 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Participial Adjectives
-ing Adjective -ed Adjective
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjectives
They are quiet tenants.
It’s a fast elevator.
The house looks nice.
It’s absolutely perfect.
Adverbs
They talk quietly.
It moves fast.
She described it nicely.
It’s absolutely perfect.
The apartment is interesting.
It’s an interesting one-bedroom apartment.
My neighbor is annoying.
He’s an annoying neighbor.
This street map is confusing.
It’s a confusing street map.
One couple is interested in the apartment.
The interested couple called again.
I’m annoyed by his loud music.
Another annoyed tenant complained.
People were confused by the street map.
A confused driver asked for directions.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 24 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
ADJECTIVES: COMPARISONS WITH AS . . . AS AND THAN
Comparisons with As . . . as
(Not) As Adjective As
large
busy
The new restaurant is (not) as good as the other ones.
interesting
expensive
Comparisons with Than
Comparative Adjective Form Than
larger
busier
The new restaurant is better than the other ones.
more interesting
less expensive
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 25 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
ADJECTIVES: SUPERLATIVES
Superlatives
Superlative Adjective Form
the largest
the busiest in the world.
This is the best city of all.
the most interesting I’ve ever visited.
the least expensive
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 26 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
ADVERBS: AS . . . AS, COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES
As . . . as
As Adverb As
hard
The Huskiesplayed
aswell
as the Gophers.didn’t play aggressively
consistently
Comparatives
Comparative Adverb Form Than
harder
The Huskies playedbetter
than the Gophers.more aggressively
less consistently
Superlatives
Superlative Adverb Form
the hardest
The star player playedthe best
of anyone in the game.the most aggressively
the least consistently
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 27 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
GERUNDS: AS SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
Gerund as Subject
Gerund (Subject) Verb
Smoking causes health problems.
Not smoking is healthier.
Gerund as Object
Subject Verb Gerund (Object)
You should quit smoking.
We suggest not smoking.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 28 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
GERUNDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS
Preposition + Gerund
Do you have ideas about improving life at school?
Are the teachers against increasing tuition?
The students are for having online courses.
My roommate left before finishing the test.
Verb + Preposition + Gerund
I plan on joining the Student Council.
We’ll succeed in improving the school.
They object to paying higher fees.
Please think about voting for Latoya.
Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
I’m interested in studying math.
Are you tired of hearing complaints?
They are happy about not missing the meeting.
She is used to organizing large groups.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 29 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
Statements
Subject Verb (Object) Infinitive
I decided (not) to write to Annie.
You urged John (not) to take her advice.
He wanted (her) to advise John.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 30 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
INFINITIVES OF PURPOSE
Affirmative
I left at 9:00 (in order) to be on time.
Negative
I left at 9:00 in order not to be late.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 31 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH
Infinitives with Too
Adjective / (For + Noun / Too Adverb Object Pronoun) Infinitive
We’re (not) young to vote.
They answered too quickly for Kyle to understand the issues.
It’s (not) hard (for us) to decide.
Infinitives with Enough
Adjective / (For + Noun / Adverb Enough Object Pronoun) Infinitive
We’re (not) old to vote.
They have(n’t) answered clearly enough for Kyle to understand the issues.
It’s (not) easy (for us) to decide.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 32 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Gerunds
Eva enjoys going to the park.
She loves taking long breaks.
She stopped studying.
Changing habits is hard.
She’s worried about finishing her paper.
Infinitives
Eva wants to go to the park.
She loves to take long breaks.
She stopped to study.
It’s hard to change habits.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 33 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PREFERENCES: PREFER, WOULD PREFER
Statements
Subject Prefer / Would prefer* Noun / Gerund / Infinitive
I
You prefer
We would prefer TV news (to newspapers).
They watching the news (to reading newspapers).
He prefers(not) to watch the news.
She would prefer
*Like modals, would prefer does not have -s in the third-person singular.
Contraction
would prefer = ’d prefer
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you you
I / we do. I / we don’t.
you would. you wouldn’t.Yes, they No, they
he does. he doesn’t.
she would. she wouldn’t.
Yes / No Questions
Noun / Gerund / Do / Would Subject Prefer Infinitive
I
Do you
Would we TV news?
they prefer watching the news?
Does heto watch the news?
Would she
PREFERENCES: WOULD RATHER
Contraction
would rather = ’d rather
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
I I’dYes,
shewould.
She’drather not.
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Would Subject Rather of Verb
youWould
sherather read?
Statements
Base Form Subject Would rather* of Verb
I
You watch the news (than read newspapers).
He
Shewould rather
We not read newspapers.
They
*Like modals, would rather does not have -s in the third-person singular.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 34 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
NECESSITY: HAVE (GOT) TO, DON’T HAVE TO
Affirmative Statements
Have to / Base Form Subject Have got to of Verb
I
You have to
We have got to
They leave now.
He
Shehas to
Ithas got to
Negative Statements
Base Form Subject Do not Have to of Verb
I
You
Wedon’t
They have to leave now.
He
She doesn’t
It
Contractions
have got to = ’ve got to
has got to = ’s got to
Note: There are no contractions for have to and has to.
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Do Subject Have to of Verb
I
youDo
we
they have to leave now?
he
Does she
it
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
you you
I / we I / we
youdo.
youdon’t.
Yes, they No, they
he he
she does. she doesn’t.
it it
Wh- Questions
Base Form Wh- Word Do Subject Have to of Verb
I
youdo
we
When they have to leave?
he
does she
it
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 34 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Must
Base FormSubject Must* (not) of Verb
I
You must leave early.He
She
It
We must not arrive late.
They
*Must is a modal. Modals have only one form.They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
NECESSITY: MUST, MUST NOT, CAN’T
Contraction
must not = mustn’t
Can’t
Base Form Subject Can’t of Verb
You
Theycan’t sit here.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 35 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO
Statements
Base FormSubject Be (not) Supposed to of Verb
Iam
was
Youare
Wewere
(not) supposed to sign the marriage certificate.
They
He
She is
Itwas
be a small wedding.
Yes / No Questions
Base Form Be Subject Supposed to of Verb
Am
WasI
Are
Wereyou supposed to stand?
Is
Wasshe
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
are. aren’t.you
were.you
weren’t.
am. ’m not.Yes, I
was.No, I
wasn’t.
is. isn’t.she
was.she
wasn’t.
Wh- Questions
Base Form Wh- Word Be Subject Supposed to of Verb
am
wasI
areWhere
wereyou supposed to stand?
is
wasshe
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 36 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
FUTURE POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT, COULD
Statements
Base FormSubject May / Might / Could* of Verb
You may (not)
It might (not) get cold.
They could
Yes / No Questions
Are you going to fly to Paris?
Are you leaving on Monday?
Are you going to
Will you be there long?
Is it possible you’ll
Short Answers
may (not).
I might (not).
could.
may
We might be.
could
Note: May not and might not are not contracted.
*May, might, and could are modals. Modals have only oneform. They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
Wh- Questions
When are you going to Paris?
How long are you going to be there?
Answers
Imay go next week.
mightWe
could be there a week.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 37 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
CONCLUSIONS: MUST, HAVE (GOT) TO, MAY, MIGHT, COULD, CAN’T
Affirmative Statements
Must / May / Base FormSubject Might / Could* of Verb
I
You
He must
She maybe wrong.
It might
We could
You
They
Negative Statements
Must / May / Base FormSubject Might / Could / Can Not of Verb
I
Youmust
Hemay
Shemight not be right.
Itcould
Wecan
You
They
Contractions
could not = couldn’t
cannot
OR = can’t
can not
Note: We usually do not contractmust not, may not, and might notwhen we draw conclusions.
*Must, may, might, and could are modals. Modals haveonly one form. They do not have -s in the third-personsingular.
Affirmative Statements with Have (got) to
Subject Have (got) to Base Form
I
Youhave (got) to
We
They be right.
He
She has (got) to
It
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 37 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Do Subject Base Form
Does he know that?
Yes / No Questions
Can / Could Subject Base Form
Couldhe know that?
Can
Short Answers
Subject Modal
must (not).
may (not).
Hemight (not).
could(n’t).
has (got) to.
can’t.
Yes / No Questions with Be
Can / Could Subject Be
Couldhe be a detective?
Can
Short Answers
Subject Modal Be
must (not)
may (not)
Hemight (not)
be.could(n’t)
has (got) to
can’t
Be Subject
Is he a detective?
Wh- Questions with Can and Could
Wh- Word Can / Could Subject Base Form
Who can it be?
What could they want?
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