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Transmission Development Plan 2010-2019
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TRANSMISSION DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2010 -
2019
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning
Transmission Development Plan
2010 - 2019
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning
Content: ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................................4 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................5
1.1 Role of the Transmission System and Market Operator..............................................7 1.2 Transmission network.......................................................................................................7 1.3 Plan context ........................................................................................................................9 1.4 Plan content ......................................................................................................................11
2. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................13 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................13 2.2 Relevant data for planning –obligations of the transmission system users .............14 2.3 Character Data..................................................................................................................14 2.4 Standards and criteria for transmission network planning ........................................15 2.5 Network Planning Criteria 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV............................................16 2.6 Long-term planning criteria for the re-vitalizing of the transmission network ......18 2.7 Planning methodology ....................................................................................................19 2.8 Planning for the substations configurations ................................................................20
3. PREDICTION FOR ELECTRICITY DEMAND............................................................24 3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................24 3.2 Demand historical and current situation ......................................................................25 3.3 Demand profile ................................................................................................................27 3.4 Long term forecasts of the demand ..............................................................................29 3.5 New loads that are planned but not confirmed...........................................................33
4. GENERATION CAPACITIES OF KOSOVO POWER SYSTEM .............................34 4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................34
4.1.1 Power plant Kosova A ...............................................................................................34 4.1.2 Power plant Kosovo B ...............................................................................................35 4.1.3 Hydro plants in Kosovo.............................................................................................35
4.2 Planning of the new generating units............................................................................36 4.3 Renewable energy ............................................................................................................38
4.3.1 Small hydro plants .......................................................................................................38 4.3.2 Wind energy .................................................................................................................39
5. KOSOVO TRANSMISSION NETWORK........................................................................41 5.1 History of the transmission network ............................................................................41 5.2 The current capacities of the transmission network...................................................43
5.2.1 Capacity of the transmission lines.............................................................................44 5.2.2 Transforming capacities .............................................................................................44 5.2.3 Interconnection lines capacities ................................................................................45
5.3 Current situation of the transmission network............................................................47 5.3.1 The transmission network situation before entering into the operation of SS Peja 3 47 5.3.2 Situation of the transmission network – end of 2009 year....................................48
5.4 Projects impact (2009) in the increase of performance of the transmission network 50 5.5 Development of the transmission network 2010-2019..............................................52
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5.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................52 5.5.2 List of the planned projects in the transmission network .....................................54
5.6 Description of the transmission planned projects ......................................................66 5.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................66 5.6.2 Projects for reinforcement of the transmission network ......................................67 5.6.3 Projects on the re-vitalizing of the lines 110kV......................................................75 5.6.4 Projects for the support of the load .........................................................................78 5.6.5 Projects for the re-vitalizing of the substations ......................................................81 5.6.6 Projects for the improvement for monitoring, controlling and measuring of the transmission system ..................................................................................................................84
6. TRANSMISSION NETWORK PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ...................................91 6.4 Technical analysis of the transmission network (year - 2011) ...................................98
6.4.3 Voltage profile and losses ........................................................................................100 6.5 Technical analysis of the transmission network (year - 2013) .................................101
6.5.2 N-1 security criteria analysis ....................................................................................102 6.5.3 Voltage profile and losses ........................................................................................103
6.6 Technical analysis of the transmission network (year - 2014) .................................104 6.6.1 N security criteria analysis ........................................................................................105 6.6.2 N-1 security criteria analysis ....................................................................................105 6.6.3 Voltage profile and losses ........................................................................................106
7. FAULT CURRENTS IN THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK..................................108 7.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................108 7.2 Calculation of fault currents level ................................................................................108
7.2.1 Mathematical model, calculation methodology and applied software...............108 7.2.2 Features of the power circuits of the transmission network...............................109
7.3 Results of the calculated fault currents .......................................................................110 7.3.1 Assessments of the calculated fault currents (2009).............................................110 7.3.2 Assessments of the calculated fault currents (2011).............................................111 7.3.3 Assessments of the calculated breaking currents (2013) .....................................112 7.3.4 Assessments of the calculated fault currents (2014).............................................113
8. POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK (2010-2019)...................................................................................................................................................114
8.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................114 8.2 Possible 400 kV network developments in relation to the generation development. 115
9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .......................................................................................118 9.1 Environmental caution..................................................................................................118 9.2 Environmental problems in the transmission system ..............................................118 One can say that the Environmental problems in the transmission system is divided into following: ......................................................................................................................................118
9.2.1 Environmental problems caused by the lines .......................................................118 9.3 Caution on the other environmental impacts ............................................................120 9.4 Environmental plans .....................................................................................................120
10. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................122
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning ABBREVIATIONS
ENTSO/E – (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity)
ESTAP I &II - (Energy Sector Technical Assistance Project)
GIS - (Generation Investment Study)
KOSTT – System, transmission and market operator JSC
KEK – Kosovo Energy Corporation J.S.C.
MEM – Ministry of Energy and Mining
MTI – Ministry of Trade and Industry
OPGW – Optical Ground Wire
TSO – Transmission system operator
PSS/E- Power System Simulator/Engineering
TDP – Transmission Development Plan
REBIS - (”Regional Balkans Infrastructure Study”)
EES –Power system
SCADA/EMS – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition/Energy Management System
SECI – South East Cooperative Initiative (Regional transmission planning project)
EMS – Environment management system
TACSR/ACS – (Special conductor with high level of thermic resistance, Al-Çe)
IT – Information technology
ERO – Energy Regulatory Office
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity sector as one of the most important industrial sectors in the economy of Kosovo
should be developed and planned appropriately. Transmission network, which is operated by
KOSTT, plays an important role in the energy and electricity system enabling the
transmission of power from generators to large customers and distribution nodes.
The vision of KOSTT, is to be a profitable company for safe and stable transmission of
electricity, responsible to society and the environment and integrated into the European
mechanisms”.
KOSTT mission is to provide:
• Quality services by implementing technical and technological achievements in the
development of the transmission system;
• Transparency and non - discrimination in competitive electricity market;
• Gaining advance position in regional and European level, supported by the
continuous increase of human capacities.
Related to the above mentioned responsibilities on the transmission system development
and legal obligations, KOSTT drafted the Transmission Development Plan (TDP), which
represents one of the main basis of development planning of KOSTT. The importance of
preparing and implementing such document is faced also in the legislative requirements
related to the preparation and treatment of this document and as such belong to the primary
and secondary level legislation.
Legal requirements:
Law on Energy:
The relevant system operators prepare development plans which are compatible with the energy strategy,
strategy implementation plan, and energy balances.
Law on Electricity:
The transmission network operator is responsible for drafting and publishing short-term and long-term
plans for expanding and modernizing the transmission network.
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Licenses for the Transmission System Operator:
In accordance with the article 8 of the Law on Energy and article 16 of the Rule for licensing the energy
activities in Kosovo, will prepare issue and publish the development plan for the transmission system.
Grid Code:
Each year KOSTT will prepare and issue a detailed plan on the development of the transmission
(TDP) for the next 7 years.
Rule on the licensing of the energy activities in Kosovo:
One applicant for receiving the license for system transmission operator of the energy
shall submit the business plan that contains information on predicting the demand and
system development plan as provided by article 13.1 of the Law on Electricity, including the
impact of system development of tariffs approved by ERO as per tariffs methodology.
ENTSO-E Requirements:
According to the article of the (EC) Regulation No. 714/2009 of the 3rd package that
defines the coordination of the operation and development of the transmission system "an
extensive network plan for the community-wide should include modeling of integrated
network, scenario development, an adequacy concept generation and an assessment of the
resilience of the system”. Furthermore, TDP (Transmission Development Plan) should
build on national investment plans and, if appropriate under the guidelines for energy
networks.
Based on the above mentioned legal obligations, KOSTT is obliged to draft and after
approval from Energy Regulatory Office, to publish and implement such document, which
is drafted in full compliance with Energy Strategy of Kosovo.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 1.1 Role of the Transmission System and Market Operator
KOSTT mandate is defined by the Law on Electricity, secondary legislation and licenses
issued by the Energy Regulatory Office (ERO). KOSTT as an independent operator of
transmission system and market is responsible for operating and developing the transmission
system, including network transmission and operation of electricity market.
KOSTT responsibilities dealing with development of the transmission network are:
• Organization of preliminary studies for possibilities for new constructions of transmission capacities,
facilities and equipment supported by technical, economic and financial studies
• Compilation and publication of short and long term plans for expansion and modernization of the
transmission network.
• the development of transmission network and interconnection with neighboring networks in order to
guarantee the security of supply,
• provide sufficient information on any other system operator to which the system is connected to ensure
that it is a matter related to their development requirements
• Coordination on the planning and development of transmission network with counterpart companies
in the region and drafting of the ten-years plan at the ENTSO-E level
Under the granted license, KOSTT shall prepare and publish the transmission
development plan for the next three years as part of the ten-year development plan. TDP
after approved by the Energy Regulatory Office should be published by KOSTT.
Network users can use this plan to plan their future activities, for new connections or
strengthening the existing ones.
1.2 Transmission network
Transmission network of the Republic of Kosovo operates three levels of voltage 400
KV, 220 KV and 110 KV. Kosovo as electricity -energy area is connected through cross-
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning border lines with neighboring countries: Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania.
Boundaries of generation and distribution assets that are managed and maintained by
KOSTT is in lower terminals of the power transformer 110 kV by the load, or upper
transformer of the generator, while the boundary for the eligible customers is in the
connection portals.
Kosovo Power System is characterized by strong network interconnection voltage of
400 kV, which is strongly interconnected in the regional network. Powerful interconnection
of the transmission network with the surrounding networks around the ranks the Power
System of Kosovo, as one of the important nodes of Power in the region and beyond. The
continuous increase of electricity consumption in the country and the region, increase power
flows in the internal lines and those of interconnection. This increase of power flows
continuously narrows safety margins of the stability of Kosovo’s Power System, and other
systems interrelated with our system. Necessary reinforcements in the transmission network
in the country and in the region are vital in maintaining the stability and reliability of the
system in the near future.
Currently the main problems identified in the transmission network, appear in 110 kV
network and the 220/110 kV transformation. 110 kV network is characterized by rings
containing multiple substations connected in series, which cause the voltage drop in the final
node. The current network of 110 kV even after the establishment of several transmission
capacity, is still characterized as not well optimized network, with losses of active and
reactive power relatively large and voltages in some nodes with unsatisfactory level. Reasons
for this level of losses and the level of voltage in some areas of the transmission network are
the lack of strong injection nodes, the large distance from the generating sources (reactive
power transmission over long distances, causing large voltage drop and increased active and
reactive losses), 110 kV lines with 150 mm2 sections and very high consumption.
In this TDP are identified the network reinforcements needed that will ensure safe
operation and reliable quality system and better supply for the customers, in accordance with
technical requirements specified in the Grid Code.
Activities are undertaken to draft a study on the topology of the transmission network,
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning which will be considered a possible new design in order to avoid the problems of best
possible optimizing.
1.3 Plan context
The process of planning and development of transmission network is a long and
complex process. The process involves a number of activities, such as network development
in relation to energy demand prediction, generation prediction, enabling the identification of
necessary reinforcements and extensions needed to achieve network operating within the
parameters of reliability and environmental impact. Although TDP takes as a reference
prediction for a certain period of time based on the ten-year Balance of Power, the plan
must also convey the strategic development of the transmission system over the long term
timeframe.
The planning process is a result of the process of restructuring the energy market. The
planning process has changed in some respects, compared to the previous process in the
vertically integrated companies:
• Uncertainties coming from the market environment and input data.
• Objectives of different network users (generators, traders, suppliers, customers and network
operators) and
• Non-compliance and disproportion between the technical, economic, environmental and social
requirements.
• Uncertainties coming from the level of integration of energy from the renewable resources
Also, the need for regional market integration requires increasing and strengthening of the
interconnection capacity, which affects the planning process at national level.
Network development options based on the Planning Code and on the general planning
rules recommended by the ENTSO/E. Determinative methodology (defining), which is
based on the security criteria N-1, presents the basic methodology applied in this plan, the
purpose of identifying and determining the list of projects necessary for development of the
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning transmission network.
This plan contains information on the development and reinforcement expected to occur in
the transmission network in Kosovo for 10 years in the following:
• Building of new transformation and transmission capacities,
• Strengthening of existing transmission and transformation capacities,
• Construction of the interconnection lines with the neighboring countries,
• Re-vitalizing of the existing equipments of the high voltage (lines and substations)
• Development of supporting systems of transmission system (SCADA/EMS, metering etc.)
It also contains information on the possibilities of connecting new generating units and new
loads on the transmission system.
The main objective of the ten-year plan is to identify projects which will increase
capacity, reliability, and efficiency of the operation of the transmission network. This plan
will enable consumers, energy market participants, energy producers, prospective investors
to get familiar with the transmission development plan for the next ten years.
This document presents development plan drafted in KOSTT, and unlike the first TDP
(2007-2013), it now covers a period of ten years from 2010 until 2019, in compliance with
the requirements arising from ENTSO/E, where the year 2009 presents the reference year
or the so-called year zero. All information in the development plan as project details, the
expected date of the start of the project, applications for connection to network transmission
that occurred during the first and second quarter of 2009, are taken into consideration in
developing this document.
For the preparation of development plan appropriate calculations were made with the
relevant software PSS/E, simulating computer models of the system based on data provided
by KOSTT and network users, and based as well on the load prediction by the Department
of the System Operation in KOSTT.
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Load forecast is based on historical data (consumption, maximum load, the load
duration curve, etc.), as well as the expected demand from industrial and commercial
consumption and new connections expected to occur. Generation data are provided by
KEK - Generation and other generators. Data for interconnections expected to be built in
the region, were provided by studies made in the Planning Group for Regional Transmission
Network Planning - SECI, in which group KOSTT contributes as well through its
representatives
For each year of the development studies were conducted for the power flows,
simultaneously following the increase of the demand for maximum load. Also calculations
were made for failures during different periods of time. Based on the results of calculations,
it is possible to provide estimates on how the network will operate for the estimated next
years. Bottlenecks are identified and possible solutions were presented by analyzing their
impact on improving the operating performance of the transmission network. Bottlenecks
are identified and possible solution is presented by analyzing its impact in the improvement
of the operating performance of the transmission network. KOSTT has been carefully
evaluating the accuracy of information, which does not fall under KOSTT responsibility,
making clear that KOSTT is not responsible for information or incorrect information
received from other parties.
1.4 Plan content
TDP is structured in 9 chapters including the introduction:
Chapter 1– Introduction
Chapter 2 - Technical requirements of the Grid Code - presented the process of data
collection, planning criteria and standards, and configuration of substations by voltage level
400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV.
Chapter 3 - Presents forecast demand for electricity consumption divided in the past three
years and forecast consumption for the next 10 years.
Chapter 4 - List of existing generators and planned ones. It is also presented the renewable
generation and KOSTT policies in support of this technology.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Chapter 5 - It is described the KOSTT network transmission, and interconnection with its
neighbours. A part of this chapter describes in details the future developments of the
network.
Chapter 6 - System performance is presented for different network conditions for certain
periods of development plan.
Chapter 7 – Contains the results of the short circuit currents for certain periods of time, in
order to assess the disconnection ability of existing switchers and dynamic stability of high
voltage equipment in case of occurrence of failures in the transmission network.
Chapter 8 – Are discussed possibilities of developing the transmission network in relation to
possible developments in new generation capacity. It is also discussed the long-term vision
of the future 400 kV network.
Chapter 9 - Includes access to environmental planning policy in relation to the
Transmission Development Plan
Chapter 10 - Contains a list of references.
Results of the calculations and simulations, diagrams, electrical maps are presented in the
Annexes.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 2. GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Introduction
One of the main KOSTT objectives is development of the transmission system with
the purpose of safe operation, efficient and reliable in order to enable transmission of the
electricity in covering the requirements in full compliance with the legal obligations.
Transmission System Operator plans development in the network based on long-term
electricity needs. Demand for electricity transmission depends on many factors: increased
consumption, installation of new generating units, new boundary lines, the development of
heavy industry, etc.. The need for reinforcements in the transmission network is determined
based on the study of network performance against the planned technical standards outlined
in the Grid Code respectively Planning Code.
Grid Code covers the operational procedures and provisions governing the
interaction between KOSTT and users of the Transmission System in Kosovo. This code
also includes the processes of planning, connection, operation and balances system in
normal and emergency situations. Processes include different periods based on the situations
in the past, current situation and long-term domain
The Grid Code is divided into 7 chapters:
- Code of the general conditions,
- Terms of reference,
- Planning code,
- Connection code,
- Code of operational planning,
- Balancing code, and
- Operational code Planning Code specifies technical criteria and procedures to be applied by KOSTT
in planning and development of the Transmission System of Kosovo. Even users of the
Transmission System during the planning and development of their systems should consider
the Planning Code. This code also sets requirements for the collection of reliable
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning information from users, so that KOSTT can make planning and development of
transmission system in Kosovo.
Based on Article 14 of the 'License of the Transmission System Operator'
Transmission System Operator also has developed the basic planning criteria which are
detailed in the document approved by the ERO, "Transmission System Security and
Planning Standards ”. This document defines a range of criteria and methodologies that
KOSTT should adopt (enforce) in the planning process of developing the transmission
network in Kosovo
2.2 Relevant data for planning –obligations of the transmission system users
In order for KOSTT to implement its development plan for the Transmission Network all
network users are required to submit relevant data affecting the determination of the plan.
This section will briefly describe the process of collecting data needed for long-term
planning, since more detailed ones can be found in Planning Code - Grid Code, which can
be downloaded from the official site of KOSTT: www.kostt.com
During the process of applying for new connections in the transmission network, to
enable the completion of each connection offer - each user must submit to KOSTT the
standard data of planning and preliminary project planning, attached to the application for
connection application, and within two months from the date of the receiving the bid, the
detailed planning data should be submitted. Any change from the previous data network
users, the party is obliged to inform KOSTT in order to revised data.
KOSTT is also required to present users with the system data to enable users to model their
network related to the contribution of the fault currents.
2.3 Character Data
The data, which transmission system users are obliged to send to KOSTT, are characterized
depending on the type of system users. They usually fall into two main categories:
• Generator, and
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• Load
Existing and new generators are required to submit data for generating units’ plants, which
are required by KOSTT, and all data changes that occur for different reasons. Each
generation in the application for connection to KOSTT for getting a new connection or
modification of an existing connection, must provide the necessary information as required
by Planning Code.
The data, which are filled must contain the information such as plant location, name and
type of facility, waiting time of entering the post etc.., and information of the technical
nature such as expected monthly production of power, features of the power generator, the
technical characteristics of synchronous machine, turbine, adjustment equipment (speed
regulator, exciter , fluctuations stabilizers), the data of step up transformer, the connection
configuration, data allocation and the type of relay protection, data for the own consumption
needs of the plant, etc..
The load has the character of distribution points that use the transmission network. They
represent all the substations and distribution network, the network included 220 kV and 110
kV, and industrial customers connected to the transmission network.
Each user with the loading application for connection submitted to KOSTT for a new
connection or modification of an existing connection must provide the necessary
information as required by Planning Code. This information should contain information
about the substation location, time of becoming operational, load forecasting for the next 10
years, etc.., and technical data such as configuration of the substation, voltage level,
transformers data, data on high voltage equipment, nature of the load, type of obstacles in
low voltage level, etc..
Detailed description about the users’ data at this point is made so that the reader could have
a clear perception that any non-consistency in this document is subject to the user if they
follow the criteria listed above.
2.4 Standards and criteria for transmission network planning
Transmission network planning based on the criteria set out in Planning Code, which are
described in detail in the document " Transmission System Security and Planning”
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Standards.
Standard method of planning or determinative methods of transmission network
planning, which presents the classical method used in many countries, which also applies to
KOSTT. The main principle according to which the transmission network is dimensioned, is
the necessity of fulfilling all technical requirements in accordance with Grid Code, and that
the N-1 elements at work facing the most difficult conditions for operation. So basically this
method of planning is mainly based on critical conditions of operation of the transmission
network. In principle, planning the transmission system in Kosovo is conduct is such a
manner that the operation of the system meets the criteria 'N-1'. However, in some
situations where it is not efficient to fulfill the 'N-1' criteria there will be applied exemptions
for a period of time.
2.5 Network Planning Criteria 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV
Kosovo's transmission system at 400 kV and 220 kV has technical and economic
characteristics which differ from the 110 kV systems. Investment cost and their
dimensioning criteria are much higher than at 110 kV. Transmission system is
interconnected with regional transmission systems through the network of 400 kV and 220
kV, so the effects of investment in network voltage 400 kV and 220 kV are not isolated but
have a regional character. KOSTT has defined the strategy for developing the transmission
network which is oriented in strengthening / development of the network 110 kV and 400
kV, whilst network 220 kV will not be develop further, except for specific cases where no
other solution could be found.
Transmission System Planning is made according to the criteria defined in the Grid Code,
considering the fulfillment of the N-1 criteria, meaning that the system must be capable of
normal operation in case of occurrence of the fault in the network (in Kosovo or in other
systems) and the loss of one of the following elements:
• airline or cable lines
• transformer,
• compensator, and
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning • generator (this criteria can not be seen in the plan, but it is a requirment for the
developers of generation capacity)
In case of loss of one of the above elements as a result of failures or maintenance,
transmission system must fulfill the following operation conditions:
• transmission lines should not be charged on their thermal limits,
• the reduction of the supply capacity is not allowed
• the level of voltage tension and speed change can not be outside of the certain limits,
• transient and dynamic stability of the Power System should not be endangered, and
• power transformers should not be over-loaded.
110 kV network, whose development is done in accordance with the Transmission
Connection Charging Methodology of KOSTT, includes all equipment, voltage 110 kV
(lines and facilities) in addition to the distribution transformers 110/10 (20) kV and 110/35
kV.
In normal operating conditions the performance of the transmission system should be
operating in accordance with criteria outlined in the Grid Code.
Grid Code defines the permitted limits of the voltage in the transmission system as in Table
2.1
Table 2.1 Permitted limits of the voltage
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Loading the transmission lines above the designed thermal limits of the conductors,
will be perceived as overload of the line. Also, each load of the transformer above their
nominal power will be considered as their overloading.
In the table below are presented thermal margins for conductor of the cross sections,
which standards are applied in KOSTT.
Table 2.2 Standard electrical parameters for air lines and cables
2.6 Long-term planning criteria for the re-vitalizing of the transmission network
The re-vitalizing plan for the electro-energetic elements as air lines, transformers, cables
and substations, generally depends on the technical situation, their age and intensity of use of
these elements in retrospect. The re-vitalizing plan of the transmission network equipment is
done as follows:
Air lines: their re-vitalizing depends on two factors: their age and level of losses incurred
in the line during a long – term domain. For phase conductor and earth wire, insulator,
connection bridges, the time of 40 years represents a condition for adding them into the re-
vitalizing list.
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In terms of losses in the list for re-vitalizing are included the lines of cross section of
150mm2, which are also associated with the first factor, since the initial development phase
of the transmission network (1950-1970) 110 kV lines are built with the cross section
conductor of 150mm2.
Power transformers: plan of replacing the power transformers of the transmission
network is based on their expected lifetime, which is estimated at 50 years. Another
important factor which affects that the transformers will be included in the list for the
replacement is their factual situation, which is monitored by maintenance teams through
their periodic testing.
Substations (overhead line bay and transformers): the re-vitalizing plan of the
substations areas, which are included in the defined boundaries of the transmission network,
is also based on age of the equipment and their factual situation. Priority for re-vitalizing
have substations with high impact on transmission systems, but also all the substations that
their age has passed 40 years.
2.7 Planning methodology
Approach on the methodology of planning for the transmission network consists of
the following steps:
• Collection of input data (creation of data base for computer modeling of the network).
• Definition of different scenarios taking into account factors strengthening the development of generation,
load, applications for connection, balance of power system, exchanges etc...
• The creation of computer models of the network transmission format to PSS/E.
• Determine the plan for re-vitalizing the existing electrical equipment on the basis of their life cycle.
• Identification of network constraints (N-1 tests).
• Definition of the possibilities of strengthening the network on the basis of N-1 tests.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning • Analysis of the voltage profiles and losses in the system.
• The final definition of the reinforcement plan and plan for re-vitalizing transmission network
In the table 2.1 is presented the planning methodology of the transmission network
Figure 2-1 process of the planning development and re-vitalizing of the transmission network
2.8 Planning for the substations configurations
KOSTT has prepared the document on the Transmission System Security and
Planning Standards, wherein are presented the planning standards for substations
Gathering of input data and Creation of system model in PSS/E
Creation of models with current andPlanned conditions
Technical analysis of the performance ofsystem ( Power flows , criteria N -1
with PSS/E
Identification of needs for
system reinforcement
Creation of different scenarios ofsystem reinforcement
Selection of most optimal scenarios andCreation of final list of development
Projects and revitalization of the TN
Technical analysis of the performance ofsystem (power flows, criteria N-1)
with PSS/E
Evaluation of applications forconnection to TN
Connection approved
Revitalization plan of transmission network
Data on the state andageing of equipments
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400/220 kV, 400/110 kV, 220/110 kV and 110/10 (20) kV, which the document is
approved by ERO.
All 400/110 kV substations planned will be the configuration of double bus bars with
coupler and open system. Dimensioning of electrical equipment based on the Electrical
Equipment Code, always being supported by computer analysis of power that define the
power flows and short circuit level to the respective substations. From these criteria one
might exclude those substations wherein the powers generators can be connected and
consumers of such importance that from one link is required security operation higher
than usual. In these cases the design of bus bars can be done according to additional
specifications.
Figure 2-2 presents the standard configuration for substations of 400/110 kV voltage
level. Double bus bars system for 400 kV voltage level shown in figure 2-2 can be
advanced with the additional system of the auxiliary bus bars in substations that are
connected to more than three 400 kV lines.
Figure 2-2 Standard planning of the bus bars configuration of the new substations in the
transmission network
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220/110 kV substations configuration will be similar to the 400/110 kV substations.
Configuration of substations 110/10 (20) kV is designed based on two standards regarding
system bus bars of 110 kV. Number of lines planned to be connected in the 110 kV
substations will be determinant for the bus bars system. For substations that will be
connected in the long term domain only with two lines it is applied the bus bars system of
the "H" type shown in figure 2-3.
Figure 2-3
Whilst for the substations that will be connected with more than two lines it is applied the
system of the double bus bars as shown in the figure 2-4.
Figure 2-4
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The dimensions of the phase conductors and the protective for transmission lines are also
standardized as follows:
For 110 kV lines: conductor 1x240/40mm2 of ASCR, earth wire C 1x50 mm2;
For 220 kV lines: conductor 1x360/65mm2 of ASCR, earth wire C 2x50 mm2 or
1x490/65 mm2 of ASCR earth wire C 2x70 mm2.
For 400 kV lines: conductor mm2 of ASCR 2x490/65, earth wire Al 2x126 mm2.
There is also another technology and conductors that have been applied in KOSTT.
These conductors called "Hot wire" are the work of special alloy TACSR/ACS, which
has the ability to work at higher temperatures. Usually used for short length of lines and
where there is no possibility of strengthening the pillars. Their transmission capacity, e.g.
a conductor of TACSR/ACS of 150/25mm2 / is the same with the transmission
capacity of a conventional conductor 240/40mm2, while the weight is almost the same as
conventional 150/25mm2 conductor. Their handicap is that such replacement of
conductors does not help reduce power losses, and therefore they are preferred only in
short circuit lines and those cases where there is no possibility of reinforcement of the
towers, which is not possible to install because of the weight of the conventional
conductor of 240/40mm2.
All the new routes (enforced as well) will be equipped with at least 48 OPGW fibers in
protective conductor to support the planned telecommunications network SCADA/
EMS.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 3. PREDICTION FOR ELECTRICITY DEMAND
3.1 Introduction
To determine the need for reinforcements in the transmission network is necessary
to predict demand. Prediction of demand (consumption) represent an integral part of
planning the transmission network, generation and operation. Forecasting electricity needs
over the long term presents no easy task. Projects on creation of new generation,
transmission and distribution capacity represent major investments and capital that require
time in the planning and implementation. Major projects as the creation of generation
capacity require a period of four to eight years; creation of transmission and distribution
capacity also require one to three years. Any delay in the planning or implementation of
projects makes it difficult to have a long-term planning of demand.
Forecasting future demand is not isolated activity. It should reflect the role of
electricity in the society. National strategic government policies and strategic decisions
approved by the government represent an important factor in determining the forecast
energy demand in long-term horizont. The difficulty in planning the overall socio-economic
development of the country determines the mandatory sharing of forecast demand in
different scenario. A breakdown of the forecast scenarios determines some cases, which shall
be ranked according to a greater probability that can occur in the future.
For the important concept for forecasting the demand for Kosovo's Power System,
are conducted several national and regional studies which will be as a reference point of the
planning the request, which will include the period from 2010 to 2019.
Demand forecast is based on the document: [2] Long Term Energy Balance 2009 to
2018. Also for comparison purposes are analyzed various research papers such as: [16]
REBIS ("Regional Balkans Infrastructure Study"), historical data from the Dispatch Center
of KOSTT, research project [12] ESTAP I (Energy Sector Technical Assistance Project).
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 3.2 Demand historical and current situation
For several years the electricity sector in Kosovo is faced with supply problems.
Daily reductions planned, or unplanned are still present. This means that the recorded
consumption is not the same as demand which would exist if there was a safe and quality
supply of electricity. Planned reductions (scheduled) are mainly done in the hours when
required consumption can not be covered by local generation capacity and lack of imports,
or because of capacity limitation of the distribution network. The unplanned reductions
happen due to unexpected and unforeseeable faults, and because of interruptions in
generation units, in the distribution and network infrastructure.
Insufficient investment in strengthening the transmission and distribution network,
have contributed that the transmission network was operating with large strain and
restrictions that have contributed to reducing the reliability of Power System. In Table 3-1
the diagram presenting historical electricity consumption for our country and Table 3-2
presents the history of the maximum load over the years. Diagram almost shows the political
history and development of our country.
Figure 3-1 Historical electricity consumption for Kosovo during years
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Figure. 3-2 History of the maximum load over years in Kosovo
During the after war period and in particular during winter season when demand for
electricity increases there are very few periods when the supply was made without
restrictions.
Energy consumption has continuously increased over the years.
Higher growth in consumption happened in 2002 (9 %) and 2005 (7.3 %). The reasons for
this enormous increase in electricity consumption are numerous and reflect the present
economic – social situation of our country. Some of the main reasons are:
• The non-efficient use of electricity.
• The problem of non payment of the measured energy spent and losses due to not measured
energy that was spent.
• Displacement of population from rural to urban areas has resulted in increased demand for
electricity, since the heating is done mainly on electricity.
• The creation of small and medium economies and service activities.
• Increase of the number of household appliances, etc.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning In the table 3-1 is given the maximum powers recorded for the years 2001 to 2008 during
winter season and summer season.
Tab. 3-1 Maximum active powers summer and winter for the years 2001 to 2009
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Winter peak [MW] 763 723 759 811 898 916 933 967 1072
Summer peak[MW] 522 560 597 569 617 637 690 764 795
3.3 Demand profile
Characteristics of the load duration curve of the Power System of Kosovo has
undergone constant changes, both in terms of growth but also proportional to the change of
load factor. In figure 3-3 we can see the load duration curve for the previous year in 2009.
Summer consumption growth has led to increased load factor, while 50% of the annual
period of time of the load was above value of 570 MW.
Once we ascertain the increased load factor then it would be useful to present the
load factor statistics for 2001 -2008 period.
Lakorja e kohzgjatjes se ngarkeses LF = 0.6.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 5 9 14 18 23 27 32 37 41 46 50 55 59 64 69 73 78 82 87 91 96
Perq
indj
a e
ngar
kese
s nd
aj p
ikut
vje
tor
1072
MW
Piku =1072MW
50% te kohes vjetori konsumi ka qenë mbi 613MW50% of annual time consumption was above 613MW
Load duration curve LF =0.6
Peak = 1072MW
MW
Pea
k =
1072
MW
Figure. 3-3 Curve of the duration of the lord for 2009
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In the text above noted the appearance of the load factor statistics for the period 2001 –
2009.
Demand for electricity is followed with curves, which in general can be expected to occur. A
periodic form can be seen in winter week diagram, which is a typical week in winter of 2009
in the figure 3-4. Maximum request time is reached between 19 and 21 while the minimum
between 4 and 6 o'clock in the morning
Fig. 3-4 Tipical Diagram of a week selected in last winter 2008
In figure 3-5 is presented a daily diagram for four days of 2009: winter maximum,
winter minimum, summer maximum and summer minimum.
Figure 3-5 Daily common diagram - winter maximum, winter minimum selected for 2009
year
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning The curve form indicates the nature of the load of the Power system. Peak hours occur,
almost at the same time in the winter season and in summer season.
An approximately constant load generation occurs at around 11 to 18 which begin at the
second peak hour as per value.
The form shows the non-industrial character of the load and reflects the typical activities of
each household within the day, and of the small and medium economies, which work most
of their time from morning to evening hours. Consumption and reduced loads recorded for
each hour in the National Dispatch Center. Value of consumption that can not be
distributed to customers due to lack of energy or because of limited network capacity is
managed carefully by the system operators and registered as a reduced power per each hour
3.4 Long term forecasts of the demand
Forecast demand for electricity that is taken into consideration in planning the
transmission network is based on the forecasts described in the document on the “Long
term Balance of Power 2009-2018” approved by the ERO and MEM. To forecast the
demand for electricity in Kosovo, mathematical model was created in Excel. This model is
based on the possible scenario:
• Predic t ions on the e conomic growth in the Republ i c o f Kosovo. • Industr ia l deve lopment • Predic t ions o f reducing te chnical and commerc ial losses • Correc t ion o f the load prof i l e
During the demand modeling it was taken into account the capacity of the transmission
network, the network reinforcement plans and their effects depending on the time of
implementation, versus increased demand. Biggest obstacle in the process of accurately
forecasts demand causes the delayed process of population census, as well as macro-
economic data on development of the country.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Prediction for growth in demand for electricity and peak demand period 2009-2018 are
shown in figure 3-6.
Fig. 3-6 Scenario for the low, average and high increase of the gross electricity and peak hour’s
demand
The analysis of transmission system performance through the years in perspective is
performed for two determinative conditions:
• For winter maximum consumption (base scenario)
• For maximum summer consumption (base scenario)
In the figure 3-7 is given the forecasts of winter and summer maximum consumption from
2009 to 2018 under three growth scenarios.
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Figure 3-7 Forecasts of winter and summer maximum consumption
Based on the development plan of KEK – DSO there is a list of projects which include
the creation of new distribution node 110/10 (20) kV, which will optimize the distribution
network performance. Since the implementation time frame is not certain or even the entire
implementation of these projects for various reasons, KOSTT during the drafting of
development plan will be based solely on confirmed enforcement by KEK - Distribution
and applications for connections that were received up to the time when this document is
drafted.
Confirmations for new reinforcements or applications for connection which will come
after the approval of this document will be included in future revision of development plan.
While related to the impact of planned projects of KEK - DSO in the transmission network,
this list of projects will be considered and will be crucial in determining the transmission
network reinforcements.
Table 3-2 presents a list of new substations which have been completed or are in
construction process or for those substations that investments are secured (SS Vaganica, SS
Gjilan / 5).
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Table 3-2 List of new substations
New substations The installed power and voltage level Operational
SS Rahoveci 2x31.5 MVA, 110/10(20) kV, 110/35 kV Finished 2009
SS Skenderaj 31.5 MVA, 110/10(20) kV 2010
SS Vaganica 2x63 MVA, 110/10(20) kV 2010
SS Gjilani 5 2x31.5 MVA, 110/10(20) kV 2010
For SS Gjilan 5, KEK - Distribution has applied in KOSTT and KOSTT has
designed the way of the transmission network connection and as such has been approved by
all parties (KOSTT and KEK).
MTI also has brought an application for connection of the business park Drenas to the
transmission network. KOSTT based on the Transmission Connection Charging
Methodology, has analyzed the application by determining the optimal design of the
connection to the industrial consumption. This project has a relatively high cost and still no
official confirmation on funding of this project by MTI. As such within this development
plan will be considered based on connection offer which KOSTT has offered to MTI, but
will be considered as project still not confirmed.
Other activities which are confirmed by KEK - DSO are reinforcements for
increasing the transformation capacity in distribution transformers 110 / x kV which affect
the change of power flows on transmission network and as such are taken into account
during computer analysis of the network performance. In the table 3-3 is presented the
following reinforcement.
Table 3-3 Reinforcements in the transformer 110/x kV
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 3.5 New loads that are planned but not confirmed
In the development plan of KEK - DSO are planned new distribution nodes, which
will be connected to the transmission network. Development of distribution network is
based on the growing demand of electricity consumption in certain municipalities in the
Republic of Kosovo. These projects are presented in the first development plan 2007-2013,
but according to the suggestions of ERO these projects should not appear on the list of
projects of the current Development Plan, unless there is certain confirmation by KEK –
DSO, but their list is presented in Appendix C. These projects will be included in future
plans if there are applications submitted for connections, which will be analyze by KOSTT
relying on the Transmission Connection Charging Methodology, which is applicable by
KOSTT and which is approved by ERO.
Tab-3-4. Substations 110/10(20) kV planned by KEK- DSO
In TDP new distribution nodes will be considered in terms of their impact study on
the transmission network, but in different periods of their implementation, which are
different from 2007 to 2013 Development Plan. At the same time it will be presented the
way of connections to the transmission network, always with reference to criteria and
technical standards which are applied by KOSTT.
New Substation Installed Capacity and Voltage Level
Substation F. Kosovë 110/10(20) kV, 2x31.5 MVA Substation Prishtina-6 110/10(20) kV, 2x40 MVA Substation Prishtina-7 110/10(20) kV, 2x40 MVA Substation Drenasi-3 110/10(20) kV, 2x40 MVA Substation Shtime 110/35/10(20)kV , 2x31.5 MVA Substation Dragash 110/35/10(20) kV, 2x20 MVA Substation Malisheva (110/10(20) KV, 2x31.5 MVA Substation Bondsteel (110/10(20) KV, 40 MVA Substation Kaçaniku (110/10(20) KV, 2x31.5 MVA
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 4. GENERATION CAPACITIES OF KOSOVO POWER SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction
Manufacturing capacities in our country are dominated by very high energy output from
power plants (97% on coal), the rest of the production of electricity from hydropower is
accomplished by Ujmani Hydro plant and some small plants involved in the distribution
network level.
Electricity in Kosovo is produced by two relatively large power plants: PP Kosovo A and
Kosovo B. These two power plants use coal - lignite as fuel. Lignite obtained from two
surface mines, Bardh and Mirash that covering an area of about 9 km2. New mining
developments are planned in Sibovc surface in a near future. Energy values of the Kosovo
lignite are about 7800 kJ/kg with higher values in Sibovc (8100 kJ/kg). Therefore, it can be
concluded that Kosovo's lignite power has reasonable value, an average sulfur content and
high ash content compared to other coal deposits in the world.
4.1.1 Power plant Kosova A
The first generators installed in Kosovo, which as an energy source use coal, are the electric
generators in power plant Kosovo A, which consists of five units. Unit A1 is connected to
110 kV voltage, while four other units A2, A3, A4 and A5 are connected in the 220 kV
voltage. In the table 4-1 is presented the data for this power plant. Official data for PP
Kosovo A for the period 2001-2008 show a general factor (coefficient) of the use that has an
unsatisfactory value, which revolves around 23-28%
Tab. 4-1 technical data of the generating unit in the Power plant Kosovo A
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Currently units A1 and A2 are out of function, while ready for operation are three units A3,
A4 and A5. Their unsatisfactory point is the reduced power output and major emission
pollutants elements, due to very old system of lighting and filter system. The values of gases
emitted by these generation units are very high.
4.1.2 Power plant Kosovo B
Power plant Kosovo B is consisted of to units B1 and B2. Technical data for these to
unit are given in the table 4-2.
Tab. 4-2. Technical data for the generation unit of the power plant Kosovo B
Official data for PP Kosovo B for the period 2001 – 2008 indicate the general
coefficient of the use which is around 30-35 %.
Power Plant Kosovo B is a power plant that has much better features than PP
Kosovo A.
4.1.3 Hydro plants in Kosovo
Hydro plant Ujmani represents the only hydro plant included in the transmission network.
The Hydro Plant does not work at all times and working hours of this hydro plant
dependent on the country's hydrological conditions. Usually works in periods of increased
consumption. Annual electricity production in HP Ujmani is approximately 80-90 GWh,
corresponding to annual reliability pool filling of 70%. Additionally, except HP Ujmani
which is connected to the transmission network, there is a small number of hydropower
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning plants connected in the distribution network level. In tab.4-3 are shown the existing hydro
plants.
Tab. 4-3 Technical data of the small hydro – generation units
Some of the smaller units as Dikanci, Burimi and Radavci are given on concession to private
investors who plan the rehabilitation and increasing of the generating capacity.
4.2 Planning of the new generating units
Estimates of new generating units for the period 2010-2019 is designed based on the
expected generation from existing generating units, including the continued operation of
some units of PP Kosovo A until 2017, existing hydro plants and new ones planned to be
built, as well as production from PP "New Kosovo" and HP Zhuri.
In order to achieve the objectives in the energy sector under the Energy Strategy in the next
10 years numerous activities are expected to improve or increase generating capacity in the
country in the following manner:
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Generation from PP Kosovo A units A3, A4 and A5 to be operational. To achieve the operation
of these units until the end 2017 when it will be de-commissioned in accordance with European
Directive on the incineration of fossil plants, it takes investment capital for maintenance and repairs
due to aging of the plant and also the obsolete technology.
Generation of PP Kosovo B, B1 and B2 units in operation. It is expected that these two units will
be rehabilitated during the period 2013 - 2014, including the investments needed to meet gas
emission standards required by European Directive on the incineration of fossil plants. Then, these
units will continue operating until 2027 to 2030
Generation from HP Ujmani after maintenance and rehabilitation can continue operating for a long
period of time.
Generation from the small hydro plants: Lumbardhi, Dikanci, Burimi and Radavci.
Generation from HP Zhuri expected to be built by 2015 and start operating in 2016.
Generation of new generating units from PP "New Kosovo". The first generating unit expected to
enter into operation in 2016.
During the period 2010-2019, there will be built about 16 small hydropower plants with total
capacity of 60 MW installed.
During the period 2010-2019, there will be build the wind turbine parks with a capacity of 100
MW.
If this scenario of the generation developments is implemented then our country in order to
cover the consumption needs should until 2015 import electricity, which can reach a
maximum value to 220 MWh h.
In order to cover increasing demand for electricity in our country for a long period, the
investments in the following projects are necessary:
• Construction of the generating units at PP New Kosovo. There are different recommendations about
the number of units and their capacity, starting with units of 330 MW or 500 MW with the
possibility of expansion up to 1000 MW.
• Rehabilitation of two units of Kosovo B Power Plant in the year 2013/2014,
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• Building the HP Zhuri the accumulation type with the installed power of 300 MW, with annual
production of 385 GWh
• Stimulating private investors to build small hydropower plants and wind energy parks
4.3 Renewable energy
According to European Directive 20-20-20 Renewable Energy Directive, until 2020, 20% of
total electricity produced should be produced from renewable sources such as wind power
plants, hydropower plants, etc. Kosovo has as well set a strategic objective of achieving these
goals.
4.3.1 Small hydro plants
Based on the strategy of the Ministry of Energy and Mines for renewable energy, it is
foreseen that during the period 2010-2018, about 16 small hydropower plants will be built,
with total installed capacity of 60 MW. As well as existing small hydropower plants will be
rehabilitated and will come into operation. In the table 4-4 is presented a list of hydropower
plants that are expected to be built.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Tab.4-4 List of new hydropower plants to be
built
4.3.2 Wind energy
Energy produced by wind turbines today ranks in renewable energy sources with the most
dynamic growth. Since 2005 the globally installed capacity of wind turbines are doubled. By
59 GW installed capacity in 2005, in 2008 their capacity increased to 121 GW, with annual
growth trend of 29%. All wind turbines installed worldwide by the end of 2008 have
generated 260 TWh of energy annually, which represents 1.5% of all electricity consumption
worldwide, or 52 times the consumption of Kosovo. Regulating of the electricity market in
Europe but also in America and other developed countries of the world, through incentives
tariff to producers of wind energy, has created very favorable conditions to further increase
the capacity through wind generation. In all European countries including Kosovo there is a
very tough race of investors who apply to be eligible for the connection to the network of
various sizes capacities of wind turbines. Almost in all East European countries which
currently represent a market a market for wind energy development is expected that in future
years they will have considerable installed capacities of wind turbines.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning In Kosovo since the beginning of 2009, for connecting to the network, have applied some
foreign investors who have planned total capacity of 157 MW. So far in KOSTT are
presented three applications for connection of wind turbines in the electricity network:
• Shtime 1 project with a capacity of 100 MW, the southeastern part of Kosovo
• Shtime 2 project with a capacity of 27 MW, the southeastern part of Kosovo
• Kitka project with a capacity of 30 MW-eastern part of Kosovo.
Currently in Kosovo there are no assessment maps of wind potential, whilst
investors on their own initiative have undertaken the measurement of the wind speed in
certain areas. In technical aspect, these applications mainly have connection possibility in
110kV voltage level. Transmission network in aspect of power flow, can integrate wind
generation capacities that are accepted as applications for connection, however in aspect of
balance the system these capacities with a vary variable nature and difficult of predicting can
cause problems for System Operator from the fact that our Power System presently has no
sufficient regulation reserves. This fact can change in the future, if development plans of
new generation capacities are realized with conventional generators, which as a result shall
have increase of regulation reserves that shall cover he unpredicted variability of generation
from wind turbines.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 5. KOSOVO TRANSMISSION NETWORK
5.1 History of the transmission network
Kosovo Transmission Network during the years has been developed in several stages
of expansion, reinforcement and consolidation.
Between 1953 and 1958, the first line of 110 kV was built in Kosovo, Novi Pazar (Serbia)
until Butel (Macedonia), by interconnecting the substations (SS): SS Vallaç, Trepca SS, SS
Vucitrn, SS Kosovo A, SS Prishtina 1 and SS Prishtina 4, SS Ferizaj 1 and SS Sharri. 110 kV
conductor built in the initial development of the network were 110 kV cross section
conductors of 150mm2.
In 1960 the first line of 220 kV was built in Kosovo, SS Krushevci (Serbia) to SS Kosovo A,
which was at that time in the construction phase. From 1962 to 1975 it was constructed (PP)
Kosovo A with its five units. In 1978 was built the first line of 400 kV in Kosovo connecting
to the SS Nish (Serbia) with SS Skopje (Macedonia) through SS Kosovo B.
In 1981 was built the HP Ujmani connected through 110 kV line with SS Vallaçi.
In 1983 was built the second line of 400 kV of the interconnection Ribarevina (Montenegro)
to SS Kosovo B, two 400 kV lines connecting TP Kosovo B (1983) with SS Kosovo B. In
the same year it was built the 220 kV lines from SS Kosova B to SS Prizren 2, through the
switch gear Drenas. In the same year was also built the second 220 kV line to Drenas
followed by the double line for the supply of industrial facilities of Feronikeli.
In 1988 was built the interconnection 220 kV line from SS Prizren 2 to Hydro power plant
(HPP) Fierza (Albania), also in the same year it was built the 220 kV double lines from the
SS Kosovo B to SS Prishtina 4. Also in the mid 70s and 80s the network of 110 kV
undertook visible development, using conductors of the large section of 240mm2.
The year 1991 represents the end of investments in transmission network for a period of 10
years until 2001, which represents a break of 10 years without investing in the development
of the transmission network. This can be seen in figure 5-1 and figure 5-2.
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Figure 5-1. Time frame and number of the installment of SS per year
Figure 5-2 Time frame and km lines constructed per year
Such a long pause of the non-development of the transmission network, improper
maintenance, and aging of equipment are the main factors that have brought Kosovo
transmission network in very difficult situation. Due to lack of funds even after the war there
were no necessary investments, which would improve the network performance. In the
following in the table 5-1 is given the list of projects given for the increase of the
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning transmission network transmission capacity completed from 2000 to 2008 while the list of
completed projects during 2009 is showing in 5.3.2 and 5.4 paragraphs.
Table 5-1 Implemented projects 2000-2008
Name Features Year
AT3 in SS Kosovo B 400/220 kV Third auto – transformer of 400 MVA 2003 AT3 in SS Kosovo A, 220/110 kV AT3 replacement, 150 MVA 2003 SS Podujeva 220/35/10 kV 2x40 MVA 2003
Conductor replacement in 110 kV line, nr 164/1 SS Gjakova 1- SS Gjakova 2
Conductor replacement from 150mm2 to 240mm2, 4.9km
2003
Double line 110 kV from SS Kosovo A - SS Prishtina 5
AlÇe 240mm2, 5.5km 2005
Conductor replacement in 110 kV line, nr 125, SS Kosovo A - SS Vushtrria1& 2
“HW” 150mm2, 24km 2007
Conductor replacement in 110 kV line, nr 164/3, SS Prizreni 1- SS Prizreni 2
“HW” 150mm2, 3.2km 2007
Line 110 kV SS Prizren 2- SS Rahoveci AlÇe 240mm2, 17.25km 2008
5.2 The current capacities of the transmission network
Kosovo's transmission network operates on three levels of voltage 400 kV, 220 kV
and 110 kV. The transmission system of Kosovo is linked through cross-border lines with
four neighboring countries: Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Albania. In regional terms
Kosovo Transmission System plays a significant role in the electricity trading transactions
which take place in the region. Strong horizontal network especially the 400 kV, strong
interconnection with neighboring countries sets an important role in terms of our electricity
system. Currently through the horizontal network is transited the huge amount annually of
electricity that is about 62% of annual consumption of Kosovo. In the following will be
presented the capacities of the lines and transformers in the end of 2009, taking into account
projects that are completed.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 5.2.1 Capacity of the transmission lines
In Tab. 5-2 can seen the length and transmission capacity of existing lines of the
transmission network in Kosovo, with the inclusion of the two 110 kV lines, which are
completed in 2009.
Tab.5-2 The length of transmission lines and their transmission capacity
Air lines 2008
Total length in Kosovo [km]
Transmission capacity Ct=Sn*L [MVA km]
400kV 181.4 238846 220kV 231.821 77506 110kV 685.42 69443
5.2.2 Transforming capacities
Current transforming capacities of the transmission network managed by KOSTT
are at the substations levels of the voltages of 400/220 kV, 220/110 kV and substation
400/110 kV.
Greater transforming capacity is installed in SS Kosovo B 400/220 kV. In this substation are
installed three auto-transformers with 400 MVA nominal powers. Total transformation
capacity of this substation is 3*400=1200 MVA.
SS Kosovo A previously had installed three auto-transformers AT1 - 100 MVA, AT2
and AT3-150 MVA until the damage of the auto-transformer AT1 -100 MVA at the
end of 2008. By the end of 2009 a new 150 MVA auto-transformer was installed.
Total transformation capacity in SS Kosovo A after installation of new
autotransformer is 450 MVA..
SS Prishtina 4 currently has two auto-transformers AT1 - 150 MVA and AT2 - 150
MVA, with a total capacity of 300 MVA transformation. It is expected that very soon there
1 There are two lines regardless of damaged SS Kosova A- Shkup with lengthi 2*65=130km 2 Line 17.24km 110 kV SS Rahovec – SS Prizren 2 and line 23.1,110 kV SS Peja 3 – SS Klina It’s included
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning will be transformation capacity added (in august 2010) and in second half of 2010 is planned
to be in operation the third 150 MVA autotransformer, by increasing transformation
capacity from 300 MVA to 450 MVA.
SS Prizren 2 currently has two autotransformers AT1 - 150 MVA and AT2 -150 MVA,
with a total capacity of 300 MVA transformation.
SS Peja 3 400/110 kV was commissioned at the end of 2009 and has one 300 MVA
auto-transformer.
Tabele.5-3 Current transformation capacities in the transmission network
AUTOTRANSFORM. Number of Autotransforme
r.
Total capacity (MVA)
400/220kV -SS Kosova B 3 1200MVA
400/110kV -SS Peja 3 1 300MVA
220/110kV - SS Kosova A -SS Prishtina 4 - SS Prizreni 2
3 2 2
1050MVA 450MVA 300MVA 300MVA
5.2.3 Interconnection lines capacities
Maximum capacity of energy exchanges with neighbors (with the natural power
lines) with of high voltage transmission lines is 1740 MW. In 400 kV line existing cross-
border transmission capacities is about 1500 MW (3x500 MW), whilst in the 220 kV it
reaches up to 240 MW (120 MW line with Albania and 120 MW line with Krushevc -
Serbia).
Future plans for improving, respectively capacity building of the transmission lines include
the construction of a cross-border 400 kV line that will link Kosovo with Albania, with a
capacity of 500 MW and an additional 400 kV line with Macedonia with a capacity of 500
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning MW. NTC3 (Net Transfer Capacity) of the Kosovo interconnection lines is smaller than
their natural power and the same depends on the regional balance of power in neighboring
countries as well as restrictions on the transmission lines that can appear in border lines of
the 400 kV level. In the figure 5-3 can be seen the current capacity of the interconnection
lines as per natural power lines (P), average NTC and nominal power (Sterm).
P =120MWNTC= 100MWSt=300MVA
P =500MWNTC= 350MWSt=1300MVA
P =500MWNTC= 450MW
St =1300MVA
P =500MW
NTC= 450MW
St=1300MVA
PRIZRENI 2
Leposavic
Lipjan
A
B
Maqedonia
Shqipëria
Mali I zi
Serbia
TOTAL
P = 1740MW
NTC = 1450MW
Sterm=4500MVA
P =120MW
NTC= 100MW
St=300MVA
PEJA 3
Figure.5-3. Current interconnection capacities – NTC and capacities as per natural power lines
3 NTC - represents the maximum total electric power exchange between the two control areas, compatible with security standards applicable in all regulatory areas and taking into account the technical uncertainties of the situation of network. (Definition from policy of ENTSO-E).
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 5.3 Current situation of the transmission network
Considering that the TDP’s time domain includes 2010-2019, than the current state of
network status means the transmission network situation for the so-called year zero, or
reference year which is 2009. If we refer to projects that are in the process of
implementation and certainly projects that are expected to be completed in 2009, then the
current state of the transmission network in this document is analyzed for two time frames:
• End of October 2009 with the current topology of the network and corresponding consumption
forecast for the October peak of 880 MW and before the network reinforcements
• End of December with strengthened topology of the network transmission and the maximum
consumption for 2009 forecast of 1072 MW.
The purpose of the analysis for these two periods is to identify factors that could improve
the performance of the network, after implementation of projects in 2009.
5.3.1 The transmission network situation before entering into the operation of SS
Peja 3
The capacity of the network before entering into the operation of SS Peja 3 was
around 930 MW with all the elements in the operation (Criteria-N). Capacity of 930 MW
could be higher or lower depending on network configuration and environment
temperatures. Major impact on network capacity variations plays the border lines of 110 kV
and 220 kV lines HP Fierza – SS Prizren 2, and injection of the generation of HP Ujmani.
Before entering into the operation of SS Peja 3 over 85% of domestic consumption was
transformed through 220/110 kV autotransformers of installed at three substations of
220/110 kV voltage level. In that time period the network faces severe constraints in
transformation in three 220/110 kV substations: SS Kosovo A, SS Prishtina 4 and SS
Prizren 2 in the absence of adequate transformation capacity. In the most critical condition
were substations Kosovo A and Prishtina 4, which transformed almost two thirds of total
domestic consumption. Also, 110 kV line SS Prishtina 4 – SS Ferizaj 1 overloaded, especially
in times of high consumption.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning In terms of meeting the N-1 security criteria, network with the configuration of
October 2009, of all elements at work met the N-1 criteria of operation for less than 650
MW consumption. In the real consumption the 930 MW, the network didn’t meet the N-1
criteria in transformation in substations Kosovo A, Prishtina 4 and Prizren 2. The failure of
one of the auto-transformers in one of the substations 220/110 kV caused a successive
failure of the neighboring transformer and the loss of load which was supplied by the
substation in question. The effects was more negative if 110 kV network had previously
operated in the ring system, causing the overload in the 110 kV lines which tend to cover the
loss of the transformer. Also a number of 110 kV lines do not meet the criteria N-1, wherein
their eventual collapse will cause overload, which is not allowed in the other elements. In
terms of impacts on regional networks, 400 kV network almost meets the security criteria N-
1, while critical failing are considered lines L293 /2 SS Drenas - SS Prizren 2. Effects of the
fall of this line are noted in the overloading of the 220 kV interconnection line V.Dejes-
Podgorica on the cases of higher imports of Albania
5.3.2 Situation of the transmission network – end of 2009 year
Following the establishment of the Kosovo Transmission System and Market
Operator (KOSTT) many activities have been developed in the long-term planning of
transmission network. During this process the Transmission Network Development Plan
2007-2013 has been drafted, which was approved on July 14, 2009 by Energy Regulatory
Office. Based on activities that are underway in KOSTT related to development projects
planned by the Development Plan, the following table presents the list of projects that are
under implementation and those that are completed during 2009.
Table 5-4. Completed projects during 2009.
Name
Features Year
PROJECT PEJA 3 - AT1 400/110 kV - Connections in the interconnection line
L437 - New line of 110 kV SS Peja 3 – SS Klina - Replacement of the conductor L126/4 - Connection of SS Skenderaj in L163 - Replacement of the conductor of the line
Autotransformer 300 MVA Double line 2x490mm2, ASCR, 0.6km Line 110 kV, ASCR 240mm2, 18km “Hot Wire” 150mm2, 23km Double line 110 kV, 240mm2, 5km “Hot Wire” 150mm2, 17.9km
2009
(Exce
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of SS Skenderaj-SS Peja 3 pt SS
Skend
eraj)
Line adjustment L212 as line 110kV SS Kosova A-SS Ferizaj 1
Repair of the line with previous parameters from SS Kosova A up to the SS Ferizaj 1 31km
2009
AT1 installment -150 MVA in SS Kosova A Autotransformer 150 MVA, 220/110 kV replaces the burned autotransformer AT1-100 MVA
2009
Replacement of the conductor in the line 110kV, nr 126/1, SS Deçan – SS Gjakova 1
Replacement of the conductor from 150mm2 to 240mm2, 20.2km
2009
The four projects listed in the table above are extremely important to increase the reliability
and safety of operation of the transmission system. They directly increased the capacity of
the transmission system.
Project package Peja 3 completed at the end of 2009 (Except SS Skenderaj which will be
commissioned in third quartal 2010) presents the largest reinforcement of the transmission
network from the 80’s. Such project with great benefit increased transmission capacities,
enabled reduction of losses in the network, unloaded many 110 kV lines ofand
autotransformers in SS Kosovo A and SS Prizren 2 and enhanced the quality of supply for
customers especially in the Dukagjini region.
Also, the second project on the adjustment of lines 220 kV (L212) as 110 kV line and its
connection to SS Ferizaj 1, also completed project, represents very important plan for
network transmission. This plan presents contingency plan for emergency needs that the
transmission network has in the south-east Kosovo. The effects of this project enabled the
elimination of bottle necks in the 110 kV supply line connecting SS Prishtina 4 – SS Ferizaj
1, increasing the quality of supply for the distribution points: SS Ferizaj 1, SS Viti, SS
Therandë and SS Sharr. Also the project for replacing the conductor 150mm2 of the line that
connecting SS Gjakova 1 - SS Deçan with 240mm2 conductors which was completed in
September 2009 affected the growth of network transmission capacity and improved
transmission system security.
After completed mentioned projects network transmission capacity in terms of supply of
domestic consumption has increased from 930 MW to 1250 MW.
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The effects of reinforcements in transmission network which were completed in
2009 that are evident: raising of reliability, operating security of transmission system, raising
the quality of supply, reduction of losses, improving significantly the conditions for technical
and economic optimization of system work.
Main criteria N-1, regardless of the radial (Lipjan and Rahovec) after reinforcement
in network, it’s improved to 25% and may be supplemented by the gross consumption of
810 MW. In figure 5-4 is presented the values of transmission capacity of transmission
network (criteria N and N-1) versus load development for the years 2008-2009.
Fig. 5-4 Th e development of transmision network capacity versus projected consumption from 2008 to the
end of 2009
5.4 Projects impact (2009) in the increase of performance of the transmission network
After a very long period of insufficient reinforcement of transmission network, the
2009 year represents the crucial turning point for the transmission network. Implementation
of the package Project Peja 3, and start of the operation of SS Peja 3 400/110kV in late
2009, presents an reinforcement that has high impact for the transmission network in
967
1072
500 600 700 800 900
1000
1100
1200
1300
2008Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2009Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2010Q1
MW
Capacity/N (MW) Consumtion (MW) Capacity /N-1 (MW)
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Kosovo. This project improved the quality of transmission and distribution of electricity, in
a quite wide area of the transmission network.
The transmission system is enabled the growth of the transformation capacity of 250
MW, affecting the download of Kosovo B autotransformers in SS Kosovo B, SS Kosovo A
and SS Prizren 2, and in optimizing power flows in a great number of 110 kV lines.
Considerable positive impact of this project will be the significant reduce of losses of active
and reactive power in the network and improve voltage profile in a large distribution of
nodes, with particular emphasis in the Dukagjin region.
Having in mind that the rest of the transmission network, namely the south-eastern part of
the network is not in a good shape related to the operational performance and safety,
KOSTT based on Transmission Network Development Plan 2007-2013 has initiated the
conversion project of the 220 kV damaged line (not functional) L212 in the line 110 kV and
its connection to the very important node in SS Ferizaj (Bibaj). This project is expected to be
conclude by the end of 2009, will enable optimization of network operation in the
southeastern part. With direct injection from powerful node SS Kosovo A, through this line
will be achieved a great improvement in the voltage profile, reduction of losses and
download of the problematic line 110 kV in the SS Prishtina 4 - SS Ferizaj 1 (Bibaj). Also the
effects of this project will be even wider, improving quality of supply for a substantial part of
the consumers (Ferizaj, Sharri, Vitia, Gjilan and Theranda). If we refer to software analysis,
taking as an example the most sensitive distribution node of that part of the network, the
Sharr node SS 110/6.3 kV which supplies Sharr-Cem industrial customer, the effects of this
project on increasing the level of voltage resulting in an increase of 7 kV from the previous
situation.
The above mentioned project was carried out almost simultaneously with the project of
installation of autotransformer 150MVA because the mutual dependence of the two projects
mentioned. After installing this autotransformer in SS Kosovo A, after a long break the
voltage automatic regulators are activated, that enable system operators to optimize reactive
power flows and voltage control in a significant 110 kV network. At the same time N-1
criteria is met at the substation since a considerable part of power flows will pass through
the 300 MVA autotransformer in SS Peja 3
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Meanwhile in September 2009 the project to strengthen 110 kV line in SS Decani -
SS Gjakova 1 has been completed, wherein the line has an increased of the transmission
capacity from 83 MVA to 114 MVA, after replacement of the conductors. This line
represents the important branches of Gjakova 2 - Gjakova 1 - Decan - Peja2 - Peja1 - Peja 3
substations ring and such reinforcement has had impact in the reduction of elements that do
not meet the N-1 criteria, but has also influenced the reduction of active and reactive losses
in the transmission network.
Summing up one can conclude the following:
The impact of the project of strengthening the transmission network in 2009, categorized
according to technical requirements of Grid Code is:
Increasing the transmission capacity for 34% of the current capacity
Increasing the N-1 security criteria (reduction of the critical elements that do not meet N-1 security
criteria from 14 to 7)
significant improvement in the voltage profile of 110 kV nodes
significant reduction of power losses
Increasing the possibilities for optimizing the flows of active and reactive power in the transmission
network
Based on the above conclusions the transmission network needs further reinforcement in
order to be able to monitor the growth of consumption, generation, always meeting the
technical criteria in accordance with the Grid Code.
5.5 Development of the transmission network 2010-2019
5.5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents and examines the development projects of the transmission
network in the period 2010-2019. Considering the planning process of the transmission
network as an extremely complex process, with greater dependence on many factors, the
ten-year domain that defines this document is divided into two periods: first five years 2010-
2014 and second five years 2015 - 2019
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning The first period of five years is considered relevant and influential in the long term
development of the network and with high probability of implementation and as such the
projects that are included in this period of time are analyzed in detail. Second period of
2015-2019 includes optional projects in a comprehensive manner that have internal or
regional character for which KOSTT considers their importance and their contribution in
achieving the technical standards for operation of the transmission system in order to
support the electricity market.
Development projects of the transmission network are divided into five categories:
Transmission network reinforcements
New connections of the distribution load
Re-vitalizing of the transmission network
New generators connections.
Supporting projects of the transmission system (management, monitoring, measurement and control).
All projects are presented in the following tables separated in the above mentioned
categories.
List of projects includes projects that are in various stages of planning or implementation:
Projects that are in construction phase
The approved projects and which are in the process of specification or procurement
Projects which are applications by the third parties for connection to the transmission network.
Projects that during the planning process are considered essential to the transmission network and are in
pre-feasibility stage.
KEK - Distribution Projects that are included in the first development plan and with no certainty of
implementation
Projects that have character of the state strategy4 with impact into the transmission network are in the
public process of planning.
4 Based on 2009 – 2018 Electricity sektor Strategy
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Because of considerable complex dependence on the various factors for the
implementation of the projects, the time and manner of such implementation can be
considered as subject to possible changes and as such the next document will revise the data
and update them. Tables contain the project identification codes (ID), a general description
of the project, the expected completion time and reasons and effects of project
implementation.
5.5.2 List of the planned projects in the transmission network
Below is presented a list of projects planned by categories, which are the result of
optimal selection of different scenarios to strengthen the network through the planning
process. These projects include the period of the first five-years which is considered the
highest reliability in terms of impact factors: socio-economic, environmental, technological,
etc. Lists of projects are presented in tables categorized according to specifications
mentioned earlier.
5.5.2.1 Ongoing projects for the reinforcement of the network
Table 5-5 presents the list of projects that are categorized as the transmission network
reinforcement that are in the process of implementation or that are already finalized.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Tab. 5-5 Completed projects during 2009 and those ongoing
Reinforcement projects that are ongoing 2009/2010 Id
Project description
Equipments
Reason for development
Operational
T-/P
J3
Package Project PEJA 3: (a) AT1 400/110 kV (b) Connection to the
interconnection line L437 (c) New line 110 kV Peja 3- Klina (d) Replacement of the conductor
L126/4 (e) Connection of the SS Skenderaj
ne L163 (f) Replacement of the conductor
of the line Skenderaj-Peja 3 (g) SS Skenderaj 110/10 kV
(a) Autotransformer 300 MVA (b) Double line
2x490mm2,ASCR, 0.6km (c) Line 110 kV,ASCR 240mm2,
18.5km (d) “H. Wire” 150mm2, 23km (e) Double line 110kV, 240mm2,
5km (f) “H. Wire” 150mm2, 17.9km (g) SS Skenderaj 31.5MVA,
Reinforcement of the transmission network in order to eliminate the bottlenecks, reduce the active and reactive losses, improvement of the voltage profiles and increase of the security and reliability for supply
Completed except SS Skenderaj (expected in Q3 2010)
T-A
TR/K
SA
AT1-150 MVA ne SS Kosova A (a) Autotransformer 150 MVA,
220/110 kV replaces the burned Autotransformer AT1-100 MVA
(a) Autotransformer with power
of 150 MVA, 220/110 kV. Autotransformer fields of 220 kV and 110 kV will be replaced during the rehabilitation project of SS Kosova A which is not ongoing
Increase of capacities of the transformer, elimination of the bottleneck in 220/110kV, optimizing the work of three autotransformers and fulfillment of the N-1 security criteria
Completed
T-RI
V/L
212
Adjustment of the line L212 as 110 kV line in SS Kosova A-SS Ferizaj 1 (a) Repair of the lines with the
previous parameters from SS Kosova A up to SS Ferizaj-1 31km
(b) Construction of the field line 110 kV in SS Ferizaj 1
(c) Connection to the bus bars 110 kV in SS Kosova A
(a) Replacement of the conductor phase, protective conductor (establishment of the OPGW), replacement of the isolators in length of 31km and construction of 8 new pillars
(b) Putting the high voltage equipment 110kV for the line field, portal adjustment.
(c) Change from bus bars of 220 kV into bus bars 110 kV through continuation of the underground cable of 110 kV in length of 300m.
Urgent reinforcement of the transmission network in the south-east Kosovo in olden to eliminate the bottlenecks in the 110 kV network and increase of the supply quality for that area of consumption.
Completed
T-RI
V/L
126/
1
Reinforcement of the line 110 kV, L 126/1, (a) Reinforcement of the lines 110
kV SS Gjakova 1 – SS Deçan
(a) Replacement of the conductor from 150mm2 in 240mm2 with length 20.2km. Reinforcement of the existing pillars and construction of the four new pillars.
Increase of the transmitting capacities for the line 83 MVA in 114 MVA, which presents an important part of the ring of 110 kV: Gjakova2-Gjakova1-Deçan-Peja1&2- Peja3.
Completed
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T-A
TR/P
R4
AT3 150 MVA in SS Prishtina 4 (a) Installment of the third
autotransformer 150 MVA, 220/110 kV and construction of the transformer basement
(b) Construction of the transformative fields
(a) An autotransformer of 150
MVA, 220/110 kV. (b) Installment of the high
voltage equipments for the transformative fields 220 kV and 110 kV
Increase of the transmitting capacities, elimination of the bottlenecks in the transformer 220/110 kV, and fulfillment of the N-1 security criteria
2010: Q1
5.5.2.2 Ongoing network re-vitalizing projects
Table 5-6. Contains the list of projects that are categorized under the re-vitalizing of the
KOSTT substations (400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV systems) that are ongoing.
Tab.5-6. Ongoing network re-vitalizing projects
ONGOING NETWORK RE-VITALIZING PROJECTS 2009/10 Id
Project description
Equipments
Reason for development
Operational
T-R
IV/
KSA
Re-vitalizing of the substations SS Kosova –A (a) System 220 kV (b) System 110 kV (c) Commanding facilities
Full re-vitalizing of the substations SS Kosova –A , 220/110 kV (a) Re-vitalizing of all fields of line 220
kV and transformers, protection, control and measuring systems
(b) Re-vitalizing of all fields of 110 kV lines and transformers, and protection, controlling and measuring systems
Increase of security and reliability of the operation of substations Kosova- A which presents an important node of the EES of Kosovo.
Q1:2010
T-R
IV/
KSB
Re-vitalizing of the substations SS Kosovo B (a) System -220 kV
(a) Re-vitalizing of all fields of 220 kV lines and transformers
Increase of security and reliability of the operation of substations Kosova- B which presents an important node of the EES of Kosovo.
Completed
T-R
IV/
PR
1 Re-vitalizing of the substations SS Prishtina 1 (a) System 110 kV
Re-vitalizing of all fields of 110 kV lines and transformers, and protection, controlling and measuring systems
Increase of security and reliability of the operation of substations Prishtina-1
Completed
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 5.5.2.3 Ongoing projects related to support of the load
Table 5-7 contains the list of ongoing projects that fall into category for support to the
consumption and distribution.
Table 5-7. Project –Support of the load ongoing.
PROJEKTET E PERKRAHJES SE NGARKESËS NE FAZEN E REALIZIMIT 2009/2010 Id
Project description
Equipments
Reason for development
Operational
DT
/RA
H. SS Rahoveci
110/10(20)/35kV (a) 2x31.5 MVA (b) Connected through lines
110 kV in SS Prizreni 2
(a) Substation contains two transformers: 31.5 MVA,110/10(20) kV and 31.5 MVA,110/35) kV
(b) Line 110 kV 17.5km, 240mm2
Support for the consumption in the area of Rahovec and dowload of SS Gjakova 1
Completed
5.5.2.4 Ongoing projects planned for improvement of the management
system, monitoring, controlling and measuring the transmission
system
In the following table are presented projects that fall under the support of the transmission
system, telecommunications, SCADA/EMS and measurements that are at the stage of
completion or are already completed.
Table 5-8. List of projects supporting the transmission system
Ongoing projects planned for improvement of the management system, monitoring, controlling and measuring the transmission system 2009/2010 Id
Project description
Equipments
Reason for development
Operational
T/
SO-N
JEH
SOR
ET
ITSMO Meters (in the border) (a) Installment of the new
meters in the border line of the network of KOSTT
(b) Installment of application for gathering the size of the meters
(a) Combined measuring voltage transformers and electricity
(b) Meters
Technical criteria fulfillment from the Code of Measures and required criteria from ENTSO/E
Completed
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T/
SCA
DA
/E
MS
SCADA-EMS (a) Central system
SCADA/EMS in the National Dispatch Center
(b) Local SCADA in the substations
(c) Telecommunication routes
(a) Hardware and software equipment of the system SCADA/EMS in the National Dispatch Center
(b) Hardware and software equipment of the system SCADA in substations
(c) Preparations of the telecommunication routes through optical fibres in the transmission lines
Through project SCADA/EMS the transmission system KOSTT fulfilles the technical criteria required by ENTSO/E. This project will enable the optimal operation of the transmission system through modern equipments of the system SCADA/EMS
Q4-2010
5.5.2.5 Future projects planned for reinforcement of the network 2010-2014
Table 5-9 contains the list of the projects that are in the process of planning and
which were considered essential to the transmission network. A large portion of these
projects are included in Development Plan 2007 – 2013, approved by the ERO and some
are new projects resulting from the detailed analysis of network during the planning process.
Table 5-9. List of projects for reinforcement of the transmission network
Planned projects for transmission network
Id
Project description
Equipments
Reason for development
Operational
T_L
_LIP
JAN
Interconnection of the SS Lipjan in the line 110 kV L112 (a) New double line 110 kV SS
Lipjan up to connection point in line L112
(b) Connection with double line 110 kV in the existing line L 112 SS Kosova A – SS Ferizaj 1
(a) New double line 110 kV,240mm2 with 5km length from SS Lipjan up to the connection optimal point in the line L112 (Kosova A- Ferizaj1) .
(b) Two fields equipped with high voltage equipments 110 kV, with protective, controlling and measuring equipments.
With this project is enabled the ring supply of the SS Lipjan, with direct impact in meeting the N-1 criteria by enabling the optimization of the process of maintenance and increase of the security and reliability of the operational system.
Q2:2011
T-R
IV/
L12
6/5
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L126/2 SS Peja 2- SS Deçan (a) Replacement of the phase
conductors and protective ones (b) Reinforcement of pillars and
replacement of isolators
(a) Replacing the conductor from 150/25mm2 in 240/40mm2 in 14.57 km length from SS Peja 2 up to SS Deçan
(b) Reinforcement of the concrete pillars and replacing the existing isolators with composite isolators.
Increase of the transmitting capacity of the line from 83 MVA in 114 MVA with the aim of reducing the power losses, improvement of the N-1 security criteria for the substations ring of 110 kV Peja3-Peja1-Peja2-Deçan –Gjakova1.
Q2:2011
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T-/
FE
R-2
Package project FERIZAJ 2: (a) AT1 400/110 kV (b) Connection to the
interconnection lines of L420 (c) Double line 110 kV SS Ferizaj 2
– SS Ferizaj 1 (d) Line 110 kV SS Ferizaj 2 – SS
Gjilan 5 (e) Field lines of 110 kV in SS
Ferizaj 1
(a) Autotransformers 300 MVA (b) Double lines
2x490mm2,ASCR, 4.3km (c) Double line 110kV,ASCR
240mm2, 5.1km (d) Line 110kV, 240mm2, 27km (e) Two fields equipped with
high voltage equipments 110 kV, with protective, controlling and measuring equipments
Transmission network reinforcement with the purpose of eliminating the bottlenecks, reducing the active and reactive losses, improvement of the voltage profile and increase of the security and reliability of the consumption supply in the sout0east transmission network
Q4:2011
T-A
LO
K/
L18
06
Line allocation L1806 from SS Gjakova 2 in SS Gjakova 1 (a) Dismantling of 4 km of the
existing line starting from SS Gjakova 2 and curving the line up to SS Gjakova 1 in 4km length
(b) Creating the field line 110 kV in SS Gjakova 1
(a) In 4km length from SS Gjakova 1 the pillars and conductors should be dismantled and the same ones should be used for the curve path of 4 km which is connected to SS Gjakova 1
(b) The project is coordinated with the rehabilitation project of SS Gjakova 1
Improvement of the N-1 security criteria by removing overload of the line SS Gjakova 1- SS Gjakova 2 in case of the collapse of line SS Peja3-SS Peja 1.
Q3:2012
T-A
TR
/P
EJA
3 AT2-300 MVA in SS PEJA3 (a) Installment of the second auto-
transformer 300 MVA, 400/110 kV and construction of the transformer basement
(b) Construction of the transformative fields
(a) One auto-transformer of 300
MVA, 400/110 kV. (b) Installment of the high
voltage equipments for transformative fields of 400 kV and 110 kV
Increase of the transforming capacities and fulfillment of the N-1 security criteria
Q3:2012
T-R
IV/
L12
6/5
Replacement of the conductor L126/5 (c) Replacement of the phase
conductors and protective ones (d) Reinforcement of pillars and
replacement of isolators
(a) Replacing the conductor from 150/25mm2 in 240/40mm2 in 4.6 km length from SS Peja 1 to SS Peja 2.
(b) Reinforcement of the portal pillars and replacing the existing isolators with composite isolators.
Increase of the transmitting capacity of the line from 83 MVA in 114 MVA with the aim of reducing the power losses, improvement of the N-1 security criteria for the substations ring of 110 kV Peja3-Peja2-Peja1-Deçan-Gjakovë1&2
Q4:2011
T-A
TR
/P
RZ
2
AT3-150 MVA in SS Prizren 2 (a) Installment of the third auto-
transformer 150 MVA, 220/110 kV and construction of the transformer basement
(b) Construction of the transformative fields
(a) One auto-transformer of 150
MVA, 220/110 kV. (b) Installment of the high
voltage equipments for transformative fields 220 kV and 110 kV
Increase of the transforming capacities, elimination of the bottlenecks in transformation 220/110 kV, and fulfillment of the N-1 security criteria
Q2:2012
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T-R
IV/
L12
5/2&
L12
5/3
Re-vitalizing of lines 110 kV: L125/2 & L125/3 (a) Replacement of the phase and
protective conductors (b) Reinforcement of the pillars
and replacement of the isolators
(a) Replacement of the conductor from 150/25mm2 in 240/40mm2 in 9.6km length from SS Trepça up to SS Vushtrria 1 and 6km long from SS Trepça in SS Vaganica
(b) Reinforcement of the steel and concrete pillars and replacing the existing isolators with composite isolators.
Increase of the transmitting capacity of the line from 83 MVA in 114 MVA with the purpose of reducing power losses, improvement of the N-1 security criteria for the ring substations 110 kV SS Kosova A- SS Vushtrri1&2 - SS Trepça – SS Vaganica
Q3:2012
T-
L 4
00kV
KS-
AL
Interconnection line 400 kV SS Kosova B - SS Kashar (a) Line 400 kV (b) Field line 400 kV in SS Kosova
B
(c) Line 400 kV, 2x490mm2, 239km long from which distance about 85.5km in the territory of Kosovo
(d) Equipments for the high voltage, protective, controlling and measuring equipments
Reinforcement of the horizontal network with regional impact. Operational optimization for the two interconnected systems. Elimination of the bottlenecks in the regional network
Q4:2012
T-R
IV/
L16
3/1
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L163/1
(a) Replacement of the phase and protective conductors
(b) Reinforcement of the pillars and replacement of the isolators
(a) Replacement of the conductor from 150/25mm2 in 240/40mm2 in 32 km length from SS Kosova A up to SS Vaganica
(b) Reinforcement of the steel and concrete pillars and replacing the existing isolators with composite isolators.
Increase of the transmitting capacity of the line from 83 MVA in 114 MVA with the purpose of reducing power losses, improvement of the N-1 security criteria for the ring substations 110 kV Kosova A-Bardhi-Vaganica-Vallaq
Q2:2013
T-R
IV/
L11
8/1
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L118/1
(a) Replacement of the phase and protective conductors
(b) Reinforcement of the pillars and replacement of the isolators
(a) Replacement of the conductor from 150/25mm2 in 240/40mm2 in 7.3km length from SS Prishtina 2 up to SS Kosova A
(b) Reinforcement of the steel and concrete pillars and replacing the existing isolators with composite isolators.
Increase of the transmitting capacity of the line from 83 MVA in 114 MVA with the purpose of reducing power losses, improvement of the N-1 security criteria for the ring substations 110 kV Kosova A-Prishtina 1- Prishtina 4
Q3:2013
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T-R
IV/
L11
8/3
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L118/3 (a) Replacement of the phase and
protective conductors (b) Reinforcement of the pillars
and replacement of the isolators
(a) Replacement of the conductor from 150/25mm2 in 240/40mm2 in 28.7 km length from SS Ferizaj up to SS Sharr
(b) Reinforcement of the steel and concrete pillars and replacing the existing isolators with composite isolators.
Increase of the transmitting capacity of the line from 83 MVA in 114 MVA with the purpose of reducing power losses, improvement of the N-1 security criteria for the ring substations 110 kV SS Ferizaj 2-Sharr-Viti- Gjilan 5
Q2:2014
T-L
2 P
EJA
3-P
EJA
1
New line 110 kV SS Peja 3- SS Peja 1
a) Construction of the new line of 28km
a) 28km, Al.Çe240mm2 b) Field line in SS Peja 3 c) Field line in SS Peja 1
The continuous increase of the consumption endangers the security of the ring supply for the substations Peja3-Peja1-Peja2-Deçan –Gjakova1. Creation of the transmitting line enables fulfillment of the N-1 criteria.
Q4:2015
5.5.2.6 Project for support of the load – applications for connection to the
transmission network
In the table below are presented the projects that KEK - DSO applied during
2008/2009 in KOSTT, to permit the connection to the transmission network. KOSTT has
conducted analysis of the impact of projects on the transmission network, carrying out the
initial design of the project which defines the optimal configuration of the project, necessary
equipment and high voltage point of connection to the transmission network. Projects are
presented in Table 5-10 are approved by the involved Parties.
T-R
IV/
L11
8/3
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L179/2
(a) Replacement of the phase and protective conductors
(b) Reinforcement of the pillars and replacement of the isolators
(a) Replacement of the conductor from 150/25mm2 in 240/40mm2 in 39.42km length from SS Ferizaj up to SS Theranda
(c) Reinforcement of the steel and concrete pillars and replacing the existing isolators with composite isolators.
Increase of the transmitting capacity of the line from 83 MVA in 114 MVA with the purpose of reducing power losses, improvement of the N-1 security criteria for the ring substations 110 kV SS Ferizaj 1-Therandë-Prizren 3
Q3:2015
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Tab.5-10 Projects for which applications are made in KOSTT related to the
connection to the transmission network
Planned projects for support of the load, which are confirmed and applications submitted at
KOSTT for connection 5
Id
Project description
Equipments
Reason for development
Operational
DT
/RA
H.
SS Gjilani 5, 110/10(20) kV (a) 2x31.5 MVA (b) Connect through double
line of 110 kV in cutting of line 110 kV SS Gjilan1 – SS Viti
(a) Substation contains two transformers: 2x31.5 MVA, 3 field lines, 2 transformative fields and 1 connection field in the level 110 kV with double system of bus bars
(b) Double line 110 kV, 9km, 240mm2 connected in the current line Gjilan-Viti (L1802). The third line to this SS will come from SS Ferizaj 2 after its construction.
Support for the consumption needs of Gjilani region. This substation will enable the optimization of the power flow after construction of the other new line SS Gjilan 5- SS Ferizaj 2.
Q2:2011
DT
/PA
L.
Increase of the security supply of SS Palaj (a) Increase of the
transformative capacity for 63 MVA
(b) Connection through double line 110 kV in line L163
(a) Installment of the three transformers with power 63 MVA, 110/35 kV, creating two field lines and one transformative field 110 kV
(b) Through double line 110 kV, 240mm2 with 2km length from SS Palaj will be connected on the current cut of the line SS Kosova A-SS Vallaq (L163)
Fulfillment of the N-1 security criteria, increase of the security of the supplying mines in Sibovc, Mirash and Bardh.
Q3:2011
5 Due to the implementation of these projects do not depend from KOSTT, their implementation and timing into operation. KOSTT confirmations are provided to allow connection to the transmission network.
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DT
/V
AG
.
SS Vaganica, 110/35/10(20) kV, (a) 2x63 MVA (b) Connection through
cutting of the lines L163, L126/4, L125/3
(a) Substation contains two transformers: 2x63 MVA, 5 line fields, 2 transformative lines and 1 connection field in the level of 110 kV with double bus bars system
(b) Line 3.64km, 240mm2 110 kV connected to the current line L126/4 will be connected to SS Vaganica.
Support of the consumption needs for Mitrovica region. Creation of flexible node, which will ensure high flexibility in terms of security and reliability of the operational system for that part of the network.
Q4:2011
5.5.2.7 Projects for the re-vitalizing of the substations of KOSTT
The following table contains a list of projects related to the process of re-vitalizing of
the substations that are managed by KOSTT. These include the common substations
KOSTT - KEK – Distribution, part of the equipment of 110 kV to the technical border
between KOSTT and parties involved in KOSTT.
Tab. 5-11. List of projects that fall under category for re-vitalizing of the substations
Projects for the re-vitalizing of the substations of KOSTT
Id
Project description
Equipments
Reason for development
Operational
T/
RIV
_KO
S_B
_400
kV
Re-vitalizing of the substation Kosovo B-400 kV (a) Replacement of the HV
equipments 400 kV.
(a) Replacement of the high voltage equipments 400 kV for five field of lines 400 kV and to transformative fields, one connection field an done auxiliary filed
Increase of the security and reliability of the main KOSTT substations operation. Development of such project has an importance also in the regional level since in this substation are connected there interconnection lines.
Q4:2010
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T/
CB
_PR
4
Replacing the poker switchers in SS Prishtina 4 (a) Replacing the switchers in
the level 220 kV (b) Replacing the switchers in
the level 110 kV
(b) Replacing the switchers in to fields of lines 220 kV
(c) Replacing the switchers in two transformative fields 220 kV and connecting fields
(d) Replacing the switchers in 6 fields of lines 110 kV
(e) Replacing the switchers in 2 transformative fields an done connecting field 110 kV
Increase of the security and reliability of the KOSTT substation operation of that are very important.
Q3:2012
TD
/RIV
_PE
JA1 Re-vitalizing of the HV
equipments TL6 Peja-1 110 kV (a) Replacement of the HV
equipments (b) Re-configuration of the
bus bars system
(f) Replacing two fields of lines 110 kV and two connecting fields
(g) Creation of the “H” system of bus bars, which requires to switchers for transformative fields.
Increase of the security and reliability of this substation operation. SS has passed the life cycle.
Q2:2012
TD
/RIV
_VA
LL
A
Re-vitalizing of the HV equipments Vallaqi 110 kV (a) Replacement of the HV
equipments of 110 kV (b) Replacing the field of
connecting lines 110 kV
(a) Replacing 5 fields of lines 110 kV and connecting fields
(b) Replacing of two transformative fields 110 kV
Increase of the security and reliability of this substation operation
Q2:2012
TD
/RIV
_GJA
KO
VA
1 Re-vitalizing of the HV
equipments Gjakova -1 110kV
(a) Replacement of the HV equipments of 110 kV
(b) Re-configuration of the bus bars system
(a) Replacing 2 fields of lines 110 kV and connecting fields
(b) Creation of double bus bars system, which requires two switchers for transformative fields. Also creating the new field of lines for accommodating the lines SS Klinë-SS Gjakova 1 after re-allocation from SS Gjakova 2.
Increase of the security and reliability of this substation operation
Q2:2012
6 HV - High voltage
T/
RIV
_PR
Z2
Re-vitalizing of the HV equipments Prizreni-2 220kV &110kV & protection (a) Replacement of the HV
equipments (b) Replacement of the
measuring system and protection system.
(a) Level 220 kV: Replacing two field lines, one connecting line and two transformative lines of 110 kV: Replacing four fields of lines, one connecting line and two transformative lines
Increase of the security and reliability of the substation operation of 220/110 kV that are very important and have regional impact.
Q2:2011
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TD
/RIV
_FE
RIZ
1 Re-vitalizing of the HV equipments Ferizaj 1 110 kV
(a) Replacement of the HV equipments of 110 kV
(b) Re-configuration of the bus bars system
(a) Replacing 2 fields of lines (apart from switchers) 110 kV and two transformative fields
(b) Creation of double bus bars system with connecting fields
Increase of the security and reliability of this substation operation
Q3:2013
TD
/RIV
_GJ1
Re-vitalizing of the HV equipments Gjilani 1 110 kV (a) Replacement of the HV
equipments of 110 kV
(a) Replacing 3 fields of lines 110 kV, two transformative fields and one connecting fields of lines 110 kV
Increase of the security and reliability of this substation operation
Q4:2014
5.5.2.8 Planned projects for improvement of the management system,
monitoring, controlling and measuring of the transmission system
The following table contains the list of projects that fall under category for support of the
transmission system.
Tab. 5-12. List of projects that fall under category for support of the transmission system.
Planned projects for improvement of the management system, monitoring, controlling
and measuring of the transmission system
Id
Project description
Equipments
Reason for development
Operational
T/
LF
C
LFC- Secondary regulation (a) Integration of both
transmission systems of Albania and Kosovo in the terms of secondary joint regulation
(a) Project contains telecommunication routes and harware and software equipments, which will enable the optimal implementation of the secondary regulation of both systems
Through this project KOSTT fulfilles the main criteria required by ENTSO/E and required by standards determined in the code of frequency regulation (within the balance code).
Q4:2010
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T/
RE
G_O
PG
W
OPGW instalment in the interconnection lines 400 kV (a) Installment of the
telecommunication routes through optic fibers in the interconnection lines of 400 kV and 220 kV until the border.
(a) Protective conductor of 65mm 2 in 400 kV up to the border with neighboring countries will be replaced with protective conductor with same dimensions with 48 optic fibers composition.
Project will enable the fulfillment of the requirements deriving from Policy 6 of the ENTSO/E Manual
Q4:2012
5.6 Description of the transmission planned projects
5.6.1 Introduction
The impact of projects on transmission network performance that are completed in
2009, is analyzed in chapter 6. The following will present the reasons for the need to develop
individual projects, which are considered feasible in the first five-year. In the five-year period
TDP has as objective to develop the transmission network in terms of fulfilling almost all
obligations arising from the Grid Code. The first phase of the consolidation of transmission
network expected to end after major project Peja 3 is finalized, emergency project 212 lines
as line 110 kV, 150 MVA autotransformers project in SS Kosovo A. Transition from the
current critical situation of the transmission network in the state of consolidation, KOSTT
will bring in a visible more improved position in terms of security and reliability in operation
in the supply of quality consumer as well as quantities of energy reduction the undelivered to
customers.
T/
IT -
TR
EG
U
IT SYSTEM to support the market operation (a) Central system for collecting
and processing data (b) Harware and software
equipments
Harware and software and licence for: (a) Cost sharing (b) Energy management (c) Demand prediction (d) Balancing mechanism (e) Calculation of the
interconnection capacities (f) Saving and archiving of the
data
Project enables management and exchange of data that deal with market and liaison between OST and different participants in the energy market
Q4:2011
T/
RE
G_N
JEH
SOR
ET
INTER-OST Meters (a) Installment of the
measuring points in the cross-border lines in accordance with the measuring code
(a) Installment of the measuring transformers with two cores for commercial measures in the interconnection lines 400 kV and 220 kV and 110 kV
(b) Replacing the existing meters with meters that are in compliance with measuring code
The project will enable the completion of meters installment at the border in accordance with measuring code.
Q4:2012
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning However, planning process of the transmission network aimed at achieving the technical
standards, in particular meeting the security criteria N-1, which as shown at the beginning of
this chapter, even after the consolidation phase of some elements of the transmission
network has not yet meet the N-1 criteria. Taking into account this factor and the anticipated
growth of consumption, network planning process reveals a number of projects which are
considered by KOSTT as very important in achieving the goals. Also supporting projects for
the management and operation of the transmission system as SCADA/EMS, meters at
borders, IT for the support of electricity market, LFC etc are considered as vital projects in
fulfilling the obligations that the Transmission System and Market Operator – KOSTT
has.
In the following are given descriptions of the development projects of first five
years. The period from 2010 to 2014 includes five years of intensive investment in the
transmission network. A number of projects planned that are expected to be completed by
the end of 2014, would bring the transmission network in a state which guarantees high
security and operational reliability and which will be significantly closer to meeting the
overall objective of the N-1 security criteria. This period covers projects that impact directly
on strengthening the transmission network, re-vitalizing projects for the substations and
projects supporting the load, related to which project applications are already submitted to
KOSTT for connection to the transmission network.
In the following is presented the impact of major projects during the period 2010 -
2014 divided per categories of projects and time frame that these projects are expected to
the implementation.
5.6.2 Projects for reinforcement of the transmission network
In the following are given main characteristics of the projects and its impact in the
transmission network
Project: AT3-150 MVA in SS Prishtina 4. This project is considered of high
importance for strengthening the transforming capacities of the transmission network. The
apparent increase of the load in the area of Prishtina, Lipjan, Gjilan and Ferizaj during
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning maximum load has brought to the risk the operation of the substation Prishtina 4 in terms of
high loading of the two existing autotransformers. Eventual fall of one of autotransformers
is accompanied by significant loss of load and drop cascades to other network elements.
Projects that are implemented by the end of 2009 will optimize the power flow in
autotransformers of SS Prishtina 4, but N-1 criteria will not be met. Based on the results of
computer simulations in terms of long-term monitoring of the growth of consumption, the
project for the third autotransformer SS 150 MVA in Prishtina 4 is listed at a very high
priority.
The project is in implementation stage and in the first half of 2010 is expected to be
operational. As such the project will have very positive effects in meeting the N-1 security
criteria. Also autotransformers maintenance process will be optimal. In the project is also
included installation of two respective transformer bay with all metering, protective and
controlling equipment.
Packet Project: FERIZAJ 2 represents the second major project on strengthening
the capacity of the transmission network, after Package Project Peja 3. This project is a
necessity to improve operational performance and increase transmission capacity, the
network part of south-eastern Kosovo, in long-terms. Creating the third strong node of 400
kV in that area will enable significant increased of the transmission capacity, increased
security and reliability of transmission system operation, significant reduction of power
losses and improve quality of supply nodes of consumption. Introducing the operation of
this major project will also significantly affect the discharge of autotransformers SS Kosovo
B and SS Prishtina 4, and significant download of 220 kV and 110 kV voltage lines. In figure
5-5 can be the geographical layout of the package project Ferizaj 2.
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Figure.5-5. Package project Ferizaj 2, 400/110 kV its interconnection to the transmission network
The project is in the pre-tendering stage, with detailed technical specifications
completed. The project will be co-financed from the Kosovo budget and the European
Commission and as such is expected to enter into operation in late 2011. Positive
impacts of the project will take effect in almost all the transmission network, but with
particular emphasis on the transmission network which lies in south-eastern Kosovo.
The area of Ferizaj, Gjilan, Vitia, Sharr and Theranda will have positive impacts with the
SS Ferizaj 2 becoming operational.
Project: Interconnection of SS Lipjan in the line L112. The interconnection
project for SS Lipjan through double line of L112 (SS Kosovo A - SS Ferizaj 1) presents a
very important project in the transmission network but also the increase of the reliability and
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning security for the consumption supply in Lipjan. Creating a new 110 kV ring which is closed
by SS Kosovo A in SS Lipjan and SS Ferizaj 1, will enable increase of security and reliability
of consumption supply. Lipljan will have ring supply, enabling the optimization of the
process of maintenance of high voltage equipment in SS Lipljan. In figure 5-7 is presents the
conceptual plan of the geographic layout. The project envisages construction of 5 km double
line that will turn on the point of cutting the line L112 which from SS Kosovo A has 18km
length, while from SS Ferizaj has 19km length. The project foresees the installation of two
new fields in SS Lipjan 110kV lines and work on adapting the system for adjusting the bus
bars for accepting two additional fields. This project is considered with high benefit when
compared with its relatively low costs. The project is scheduled to be completed by the end
of the second quarter of 2011.
Figure.5-7 Geographical layout of the project for interconnection of SS Lipjan with L112
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Project: Allocation of the line L1806 from SS Gjakova 2 to SS Gjakova 1.
Implementation of project creates the important ring of the substations of 110 kV Peja 3 –
Klina - Gjakova 2 which allows the power flow from SS Peja 3 to SS Gjakova 2.
The rest of the ring Peja 3 - Peja 1 - Peja 2 - Decani - Gjakova1 – Gjakova 2 remain
extremely sensitive in terms of N-1 security criteria. Serial link of these five substations
through standard line of 110 kV, 240mm2 does not create certainty in meeting the N-1
security, at the time peak hour consumption. Eventual failure of the primary branches of SS
Peja 3 - SS Peja 1 or SS Gjakova 1 - SS Gjakova 2 will incur overload of the other primary
branches, causing detachment and loss of supply from the substations Peja 1, Peja 2, Deçan
and Gjakova 1. Computer simulations for different loads show the advantages of the current
allocation of line L1806 SS Klina - SS Gjakova 2, from SS Gjakova 2 to SS Gjakova 1. In
this case the project must be coordinated with the project for rehabilitation of SS Gjakova 1,
in which should be create a new lines field of 110 kV and as such should be finalized in the
second quarter of 2012. In table 5-6 is shown the implementation of the project
configuration.
Implementation of the project will enable the fulfillment of N-1 criteria for the
above mentioned 110 kV ring in the long-term domain and as such will reduce for two the
number of network elements that do not meet the N-1 criteria. Also the process of
maintaining the lines would be easily feasible. The project is valued at relatively low cost and
its construction time is short. Part of the new line of 4 km (blue) can be completely new, by
not demolishing the L1806 line (in figure with interrupted lines) but only opening the
bridges at the point where the new part of line is linked. However it is possible to demount
the towers and lines and to use those towers and demolished conductors for the 4 km line,
which is connected to the SS Gjakova 1.
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Figure 5-6 The project for allocation of the lines L1806 from SS Gjakova 2 to SS Gjakova 1
Project: AT2-300 MVA in SS PEJA3. Substation Peja 3 of 400/110 kV will initially
have installed only one autotransformer. With the increased of consumption above the value
of 1000 MW, the eventual collapse of this autotransformer will cause dangerous overloads of
the ring 110 kV lines of, which take over all the power that flows through autotransformer
after its failure. Based on the continuous growth of the consumption, the N-1 security
criteria for this substation will be completed and also the maintenance process of the
autotransformer could only be done with load reductions. In order to meet the N-1 security
criteria, the installation of AT2 300 MVA in SS Peja 3 provides a necessary project for
KOSTT. The project envisages installation of AT2 along with two respective transformer
bays. Installment of AT2 will ensure a long-term domain for meeting the N-1 security
criteria. Considering the computer simulations, the time of delivery and technical
specifications of the autotransformers, procurement and tendering the autotransformer will
be operational in the third quarter of 2012.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Project: Interconnection line 400 kV SS Kosovo B – SS Tirana 2. The new
interconnection line Kosovo and Albania represents one of the major projects of very high
importance not only for the two interconnection systems but also for the other regional
systems. About the importance of this line many studies were conducted as: ESTAP I,
ESTAP II and last revision by consulting company DECON in cooperation with KOSTT.
By signing the contract for consulting services between the German Development Bank
(KfW), KOSTT, Transmission System Operator (Albania) and MVV DECON consulting
company, the work on preparing material for the advertisement of the tender for the
construction of Kosovo-Albanian line will start, which is scheduled to be published in the
first quarter of 2010, and the construction schedule is foreseen that the construction of the
line is to start in the 4th quarter of 2010 and completed in 2012. Project for construction of
the interconnection line of 400 kV Kosovo-Albania consists in building 400 kV high voltage
line , 2x490/65mm2 about 239 km in length, of which 85.5 km in the territory of Republic of
Kosovo and 153.5 km in the territory of Republic of Albania, as shown in figure 5-9. Part of
the 85.5km line in the territory of Kosovo will be finance by the German government
through KfW-Development Bank, partly in the form of grant and the rest as a long term
loan, while part of the line in Albania is also financed by KfW through long-term loan.
Construction of high voltage line 400kV Kosovo-Albania will affect the optimization of
both systems, increasing transmission capacity, and increase on the security and reliability of
the Power System in Kosovo and Albania, and will also affect in the development market
of both countries and the regional electricity market. Interconnection line of 400 kV
Kosovo-Albania, will enable greater sharing of electricity between the two countries
especially after the increase of the planned generating capacity in Kosovo based on lignite
and hydro generation capacity of the Republic of Albania.
The Line up to the Vau i Dejes will be a single while the Vau i Dejes to Tirana lines will
use double pillar line Podgorica-Tirana, which is under construction and is expected to
become operational in late 2010.
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85.5km
75.5km
78km
Figure.5-9 Interconnection line of 400 kV SS Kosova B – SS Tirana 2
Project: Second line of 110 kV SS Peja 3- SS Peja 1,
From 2011 to 2013 in the Dukagjin network area the N-1 security criteria will be
completely fulfilled, but the continued growth of consumption which is estimated for
2014 is projected to be 1247 MW, endangers the N-1 criteria for that area. Critical
decline will be the failures of 110 kV line SS Peja 3 – SS Peja 1, where in the line SS
Gjakova 1 - SS Decani and SS Peja 3 - SS Klina will appear overload. Also, a failure of
the line of SS Gjakova 1 - SS Deçan will affect in the overload of SS Peja 3 - SS Peja 1.
Therefore to eliminate this problem it is necessary to build a second 110 kV line,
240mm2 with length of 28km from SS Peja 3 at SS Peja 1. If there will be expropriation
problems the optional solution will be the dismantling of the existing lines and
construction of new double lines. In the figure 5-10 is presented the geographical scope
of project.
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Figure.5-10 Geographical layout of the new line of 110 kV SS Peja 3 – SS Peja 1
5.6.3 Projects on the re-vitalizing of the lines 110kV
The important factors that are taken into account for determining the list of lines
which will have the conductors replaced with larger transmission capacity are:
o The age of the lines, and
o The level of power losses in the line
The first factor is clearly defined; while the second factor is quite dynamic process since the
level of power flows through the 110 kV lines change depending on the implementation of
the projects that have impact on the transmission network. All 110 kV lines with cross-
section of 150mm2, of the transmission network are analyzed in terms of power losses
following the network reinforcements in long term period. Lines that are 40 years old and
lines with larger losses are listed in the first place.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning The main objective of this category of projects is to increase the capacity of 110 kV
lines with section conductors of 150mm2 (83 MVA), in conductor 240mm2 (114 MVA).
Some very old lines mainly have concrete towers and replacement of the existing conductors
with conductor on greater weight in mechanical and statically terms require reinforcement of
towers, with special emphasis on angular towers. Also portal towers require reinforcement
and eventual addition of the towers in order to increase the mechanical stability of the whole
line. For the period 2010-2011 are selected the following 110 kV lines that will be reinforced:
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L126/2
Line of 14.57 km connecting SS Peja 2 with SS Deçan, it’s a line built in 1967, which
contains 52 towers of portal type and conductor of 150mm2. Line L126/2, is an important
line, segment of the substations ring of 110 kV Peja 3 – Peja 1, - Peja 2 - Deçan-Gjakova 1.
The project for the re-vitalizing of this line includes strengthening of the angular towers of
the portal form, installing new insulators and changing phase conductors. Protective
conductor will be replaced with the project SCADA/EMS. The project will assist in the
increase of the transmitting capacities and will assist in improvement of the N-1 security
criteria. The project is planned to be finalized in the second quarter of 2011.
• Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L126/5. The line of 4.6km connecting SS Peja 1 and
SS Peja 2 represents one of the first lines of 110 kV built in Kosovo. Line L126/5
represents important segment of 110 kV of the substations Peja 3 - Peja 1 – Peja 2 -
Decani - Gjakova 1 - Gjakova 2.
The project for the re-vitalizing of this line includes strengthening of the angular towers
of portal form, installing new insulators and changing phase conductors. Protective
conductor will be replaced with the project SCADA/EMS. The project will assist in the
increase of the transmitting capacities and will assist in improvement of the N-1 security
criteria. The project is planned to be finalized in the fourth quarter of 2011.
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L125/2 and L125/3a. The project includes replacement
of the conductor from 150/25mm2 to 240/40mm2 in length of 9.6 km from SS Trepça
until SS Vushtrri 1 and 6 km length from SS Trepça to SS Vaganica. This project also
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includes strengthening of angular steel pillars and those of concrete, installment of the
new composite insulators and changing of the phase conductor and protective
conductor. Protective conductor shall consist of fiber optical.
These two lines represent important ring segments of the substations Kosovo A -
Vushtrri 1 & 2 - Trepca - Vaganica. Computer analysis shows the importance of
increasing the transmission capacity of these two lines, both in terms of meeting the
criteria N-1 and in their effects in reducing power losses. Eventual failure of the initial
segment of SS Kosovo A - SS Vushtrri 2 of the ring above mentioned can cause a
dangerous overload of the segment SS Trepça - SS Vaganica during the winter peak
hours, therefore, reinforcement of these two lines will avoid such problems. Also the
process of maintaining the lines of this ring could be optimized. The project is planned
to be finalized in the third quarter of 2012.
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L163/1. The project includes replacement of the
conductor from 150/25mm2 to 240/40mm2 in length of 32km from SS Kosova A to SS
Vaganica. The project also includes reinforcement of the pillars of steel portal type,
installment of the new composite insulators and changing of the phase conductors.
Protective conductor will be replaced with the project SCADA/EMS.
This segment of the ring line is very important 110 kV: NS Kosovo A - NS Palaj -
Vaganica NS - NS Vushtrri 1 - NS Vushtrri 2 which enters the category of lines with
great power flows. The project will help to increase transmission capacity, reducing
power losses, and will assist in improving N-1 security criteria. Also the project will
affect the increase of the supply security of SS Palaj wherein is expected to have an
increase in the consumption impacted by the construction of the mine in Sibovc. The
project is planned to be finalized by the second quarter of 2013.
Re-vitalizing of the line 110kV: L118/1 The project includes the replacement of the
conductor from 150/25mm2 to 240/40mm2 in length of 7.2km to SS Kosovo A to SS
Prishtina 1. The project also includes reinforcement of the concrete towers, installment
of the new composite insulators and changing of the phase conductor and protective
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conductor. The continuous increase in consumption in the Prishtina region jeopardizes
the fulfillment of N-1 security criteria, thus reinforcing this line will significantly affect
the increase of the security supply of Prishtina. The project is scheduled to be finalized
in the third quarter of 2013.
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L118/3 Project includes replacement of the conductor
from 150/25mm2 to 240/40mm2 in the length of 28.7km in length from SS Ferizaj 2 up
to SS Sharri. The project also includes reinforcement of the concrete towers, installment
of the new composite insulators and changing of the phase conductor and protective
conductor. The line represents a ring segment of the important substation of 110 kV
Ferizaj 2 - Sharr - Viti - Gjilan 5 which represents one of the oldest lines of 110 kV
transmission network so that its re-vitalization will significantly affect the increase of
security and operational reliability of that part of the 110 kV network. The project is
scheduled to be finalized in the second quarter of 2014.
Re-vitalizing of the line 110 kV: L179/2 Project includes replacement of the
conductor from 150/25mm2 to 240/40mm2 in the length of 39.4 km in length from SS
Ferizaj 1 up to SS Theranda. The project also includes reinforcement of the concrete
pillars, installment of the new composite insulators and changing of the phase conductor
and protective conductor. The line represents the of the two consumption groups of the
south-east (SS Ferizaj 2) and south-west (SS Prizren 2). Re-vitalizing of this line will
significantly affect the increase of security and operational reliability of that part of the
110 kV network. The project is scheduled to be finalized in the third quarter of 2015.
5.6.4 Projects for the support of the load
In the following are described the project that support the load and which are confirmed
by KEK – DSO. Their impact in the transmission network is described based on the
computer analysis results during the planning process.
Project: Increase of the supply security of SS Palaj. This project falls into the category of
projects that support the load, but its effects are directly in the reinforcement of the
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning transmission network as the radial supply of SS Palaj will be replaced by supply ring,
eliminating an element that does not meet the criteria N- 1. The project includes re-
designing SS Palaj with the system of double bus bars, with connection field that can
accommodate the new transformer bay of the new T3 63 MVA transformer and two 110 kV
overhead line. These two overhead lines represent double overhead lines, which from SS
Palaj will be connected to the most optimal point on the line SS Kosovo A - SS Vallaq
(Vaganica) as shown in figure 5-11. The project will have direct impact on increasing the
security of consumer supply, which is a very important for SS Palaj.
The effects are positive since through this project it will be possible the following:
- Meeting the N-1 criteria, eliminating the radial supply of the substation Palaj
- Reducing undelivered energy to consumption in Palaj.
- The possibility of maintaining the lines and substation
- Reduction of losses due to lowering the impedance of the line between SS Kosovo A -
SS Palaj
-
Figure 5-11. Project for the connection reinforcement of SS Palaj
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Project: SS Gjilani 5 This project falls into the category of projects that support the
load, but its effects are directly in the reinforcement of the transmission network as it is
related to the SS Ferizaj 2 project, wherein through SS Gjilani 5 – Ferizaj 2 line planned
in the SS Ferizaj 2 project will be created a new 110 kV ring, which is very important in
meeting the N-1 security criteria for this part of the 110 kV network. In this case a
reliable and quality supply for consumption in the region of Gjilani and Vitia will be
provided. The project as such was approved in 2009 by KEK - Distribution. In figure 5-
12 can be seen the configuration of the interconnection of substation SS Gjilan 5 in the
network 110 kV.
Figure.5-12. Project of SS Gjilani 5
Project: SS Vaganica This project falls into the category of projects that support the
load, but its effects are directly in the increase of the operational security of the
transmission network. The project is identified by KEK - Distribution and it is a
necessity in order to support the consumption in the Mitrovica region, allowing
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download of the substation SS Trepça and SS Vallaqi. In the figure 5-13 can be seen the
configuration of the interconnection substation in the 110 kV network. As such, this
configuration provides high operational flexibility on the part of the transmission
network. Reinforcements in the lines SS Vallaq – SS Kosovo A, SS Vaganicë - SS Trepca
planned in development plan will significantly help in meeting the N-1 security criteria
and quality of consumer supply of Mitrovica. Transformation capacity of the substation
will be 2x63 MVA
Figure.5-13 Project SS Vaganica
5.6.5 Projects for the re-vitalizing of the substations
In determining the list of substations that need re-vitalizing the following factors
were taken into consideration:
Impact of the failure of the substations in the transmission system
The age of the substation
Frequency of the failures and damages in the equipments of the high voltage
The level of the currents of damages in the substations
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Probability of failures in high voltage equipment begins to rise with age of equipment,
especially equipments that are greatly used. Also the substations which are characterized by
large currents failures considerably influenced in the accelerating the loss of their credibility.
Based on data archived in KOSTT related to the above mentioned factors a list of
substations that need to be re-vitalized in the first five years of the development plan.
Project: Re-vitalizing of SS Kosovo B/400 kV – Provides a complete replacement of
five 400 kV overhead lines and two 400 kV transformer bays, with modern equipment of
high voltage. The project, which is expected to be finalized in late 2010, concludes a full
re-vitalization of this main substation of the transmission network since the voltage
equipment of 220 kV fully re-vitalized. Impacts on the domestic and regional network
failures in the substation are evident therefore implementation of this project is of
particular importance for KOSTT and the whole Power System of Kosovo. The
project will have direct impact on increasing security and reliability of transmission
system operation.
Project: Re-vitalizing of SS Prizreni 2, 220/110 kV – SS Prizren 2 is of great
importance for the transmission network in Kosovo. SS Prizren 2 is connected with two
220 kV lines: one from SS Drenasi 1 and the other is the interconnection line with
Albania (HP Fierza). Due to the great importance that this substation has for the
transmission network in Kosovo, any power outage can cause effects on supply. Not to
come to such situation, it is necessary that the high voltage equipments operate
accurately according to technical standards. Statistics show that many breaks that
occurred in previous years in the substation were due to the improper action of high
voltage equipments, so inclusion of this substation in the list of projects to ne re-
vitalized is of a high priority. The re-vitalization project includes change of all high
voltage equipment at 220 kV and 110 kV lines, transformers and bus coupler bay. The
project is expected to conclude in the second quarter of 2011.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Project: Replacement of the circuit breaker in SS Prishtina 4, 220/110 kV
Substation Prishtina 4 is considered of high importance and with high impact on the
transmission network. The proximity of this substation from generation resources is
characterized with a high level short circuit currents. Existing circuit breaker have 31.5
kA disconnecting capacity, while taking into account future developments in the
transmission network that reflect the increase of short circuit level and in the statistics
of incidents recorded in SS Prishtina 4 as a result of the failure of circuit breakers,
replacement is more than necessary. The project includes replacement of all existing
switches 220 kV and 110 kV. The project is scheduled to be finalized in the third quarter
of 2012.
Projects: Re-vitalizing the substations 110/x kV: SS Peja 1, SS Vallaqi SS
Gjakova 1, SS Ferizaj 1 and SS Gjilani 1
These projects fall into projects which enhance the security and reliability of supply in the
distribution nodes. The first two substations SS Peja 1 and SS Gjakova 1 have passed the life
cycle. The frequency of failures due to aging of high voltage equipment tends to increase
thus re-vitalizing of substations SS Peja 1 (Q2 2012), SS Vallaqi (Q2 2012) and SS Gjakova 1
(Q2 2012) in a medium– term period is more than necessary.
Two other substations SS Ferizaj 1 (Q3 2013) and SS Gjilan 1 (Q4 2014) also fall into the
category of substations that are near the end of the life cycle. Also these two substations
have a significant impact on the system operation since after the completion of the project
SS 400/110 kV Ferizaj 2 of their interconnection into the system will be much more
powerful and the effects of failures will be much larger. Their re-vitalization is necessary in
order to increase security and reliability of supply of the distribution nodes in South-Eastern
Kosovo.
During the second five years period 2015-2019 is also planned to systematically re-
vitalize the substations that are not on the list of the first five years. Considering the
relatively low planning reliability of the second five year period this list could have
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning considerable changes. In the periodic revisions of the transmission development plan the
changes will be followed which are considered necessary during the planning period.
5.6.6 Projects for the improvement for monitoring, controlling and measuring
of the transmission system
In the following are presented the projects of TDP that are considered as necessary to fulfill
the criteria deriving from the Grid Code and ENTSO/E.
Project: ITSMO Meters at the Border points
Measuring the flows of energy that passes through the transmission network is realized by
measuring groups installed in each substation wherein exist the measurement borders
between KOSTT and "the others" (TSO neighbors, generators, DSO and qualified
customers (eligible).
The project, which ended in the third quarter of 2009, includes the installation of new
metering groups (including metering transformers, meters, and application for data
collection RMC (Remote Metering Center) at all measurement points in 110 kV transmission
network. After the implementation of this project, the metering system in KOSTT, mostly,
has become a system that fully complies with the Metering Code and comparable with
modern metering systems. The measurements well-functioning in the interconnection lines is
continuously realized through regional cooperation and KOSTT is regularly in contact with
counterparts from neighboring TSO parties, holding periodic regular contacts in order to
exchange the measurement data of energy flows during the corresponding months in these
lines.
On the other hand the project will enable optimizing the control of losses in transmission
network and also the archived data can be processed with proper planning purpose of
consumption and its nature in certain points of distribution nodes.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Project: SCADA/EMS
Modernization of monitoring and controlling system of the transmission system will be
implemented through a major project SCADA/EMS, which is currently at the stage of
completion and is expected to conclude in late 2010. The project is divided into
a) System SCADA/EMS which contains necessary hardware and software equipments
b) The telecommunication routes in OPGW in the protective conductor of the lines 400 kV,
220 kV and 110 kV that means creation of the telecommunication infrastructure within
the central system of SCADA/EMS and local SCADA of substations.
With the implementation of the project SCADA/EMS, KOSTT will fulfill a very important
criteria required by ENTSO/E, paving the way to full membership in this very important
European association.
System SCADA/EMS will contain some very important applications that are in use today
by modern TSO. These applications are
- Power Flow Analysis
- Real Time Network
- Short Circuit analysis
- Security Enhancement
- Contingency Analysis
- Optimal Power Flow Incredible opportunities that these applications have will enable KOSTT optimal
management of power flows in transmission system. Use of applications will enable high-
level monitoring at a real-time of the system and optimized operational planning of the
system before conducting the actions, a day before or a in a periodic domain a year.
Applications will also be useful in terms of actual data communication system with
application software PSS/E which in KOSTT is used for medium and long-term planning.
In figure A-13 of the annex can be seen the layout of the network of optical
fibers in the transmission lines that SCADA/EMS project contains
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Project: LFC Secondary regulation
KOSTT currently has installed LFC system which sends the signal regulating to both B1 and
B2 units of PP Kosova B In figure 5-14 can be seen the anticipated level of secondary
regulatiion power for next 10 years beginning from 32 MW to 39 MW. Taking into
consideration that both B1 and B2 units can provide 20 MW secondary regulation power,
and claims arising from ENTSO/E to meet the N-1 criteria in terms of providing
continuous regulation power then Power System until the installation of new generating
capacity can not solely fulfill the requirements for secondary regulation. So for this reason in
the TDP was initiated the LFC project, which will interconnect two systems: Albanian
TSO and KOSTT. The project has two implementation options:
a) Two systems to be separate regulation area wherein together will form one controll block
b) Two systems to function as one zone and one controll block
In order to find the most optimal option, KOSTT has won a grant by KfW German Bank
for Reconstruction to study this problem by international consulting companies. In early
2010 is expected that the consulting company will have an optimal solution regarding the
aforementioned project. However, the outcome of the project is expected to be finalized in
the end of 2010.
In addition to hardware and software systems investment the project should include the
telecommunication network between SS Prizren 2 and HP Fierza with OPGW.
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Viti
MW
Figure 5-14 Forecasts of the needs for the secondary regulation power
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Project: OPGW in the interconnection lines Currently there are no telecommunications routes OPGW at the boundary lines.
Requirements of Policy 6 of the Manual of ENTSO/E (UCTE) require that an OST must
have at least two lines of communication with neighboring systems. Therefore, the project of
establishment of OPGW in the interconnection lines up to the border point is considered
important for KOSTT and regional system as a whole. In order for the project to be
operational there should be an Agreement between TSO’s so the OPGW will be installed in
the entire length of the line on both sides of the border.
The main objective of this project is installation of protective conductor with OPGW (up to
the border with neighboring TSO) and telecommunications equipment in the existing
interconnection lines of 400 kV:
L 407, SS Kosovo B – SS Nish, in total length 41 km
L 437/2 SS Peja 3 – SS Ribarevina , in total length 28.8.km
L 420 SS Ferizaj 2 – SS Shkupi 5, in total length 69 km
The total length of the OPGW installment is 138.8km
The finalization of the project is expected in the fourth quarter of 2012.
Project: INTER-TSO Meters Currently there are measuring points in all interconnection lines; however, they are not
completely in compliance with the Metering Code and the technical requirements of
ENTSO/E. The problems fall in two aspects:
- Current and voltage metering transformers have only one core for measuring, while the
Metering Code requires to have two comerical cores with identical characteristics.
- Meters should be of multiple tariffs Project foresees replacement of the measuring points in the interconnection lines:
- Line 400 kV: SS Kosova B – SS Nish
- Line 220 kV: SS Podujeva – SS Krushevc, SS Prizreni 2 – SS Fierza
- Line 110 kV: SS Vallaqi – SS N.Pazari, SS Berivojca – SS Bujanovci
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Also in the project will be included other three measuring points in SS Kosovo B in the
border with PP Kosova B:
- Line 220 kV, SS Kosovo B – PP Kosovo B
- Two generation fields B1 and B2 in SS Kosovo B.
This project will complete the measuring points in all border of the transmission system with
others.
The finalization of the project is expected in the fourth quarter of 2012.
Project: IT SYSTEM for supporting the market operation
Electricity sector in Kosovo is in the process of reforming in accordance with EU Directives
2003/54/EC and 1228/2003/EC as required by the Energy Community for South East
European countries. Based on the Law on Electricity, KOSTT has acquired a license for
electricity market operation issued by the Energy Regulatory Office. As required in the
Market Rules, KOSTT has signed the Framework Agreement with all licensed market
participants in the electricity market in Kosovo. Market Rules are implemented in two phases
starting with provisional phase and moving in the direction of full implementation of the
Market Rules. This kind of development process in two phases is set due to lack of
generation in relation with demand.
To achieve full implementation of the Market Rules and the fulfillment of the requirements
of Policy 4 of the ENTSO/E (UCTE) Manual, KOSTT should install the Information
Technology (IT) system in order to support the implementation of the Market Rules and to
assure market operation. Transitional Market Rules are implemented from April 2007, and it
aims to complete the implementation of the Market Rules in early 2011. KOSTT is obliged to
implement the requirements as: energy data management and finances and audits, publication
of data, transparency, and the platform to calculate the capacity of interconnection etc.
Implementation of these activities will help KOSTT to integrate into regional and European
mechanisms.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning KOSTT is actively participating in all developments in South-Eastern Europe contributing to
the establishment of all the mechanisms that enable the implementation of energy free
market. This requires advanced IT system with appropriate software platform that can
operate in conjunction with activities "Coordinated Congestion Management", "Regional
Balancing Mechanism", "Market of Ancillary Services and the "Common Electricity Market".
The IT project foresees the installation of the complete informative technology system,
hardware and software in order to support the activities of the Market Operator. This system
will contain:
Management of energy data - component that collects, processes, manages and archives
all data of the measured flows of energy needed for the billing process;
Allocation of the interconnection capacity - component that manages a comprehensive
process of allocation of the interconnection capacity;
Storage/reporting of data - as a component which receives and formats the data for
analytical purposes, reporting and publication;
Balancing mechanism - a component that manages balancing market with this
mechanism;
The day before market
Demand forecasting system – issues the forecast one day prior based on the measured
data and other factors.
Notification of contracts – collection of data and information on bilateral and centralized
market among market participants.
IT platform for Market Operator activities will enable and implement:
Better management of the activities of the electricity market
Comprehensive effective management of energy data, and commercial capacities in
relation to electricity market
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Settlement and billing
Transparency and auditing ability
Trading activities (organized and centralized, balancing, transmission capacity
nomination)
Easy detection of abnormal market behavior
Efficient management of the open market/supplier selected by the customer
Reporting and publication
Right decision making
IT platform is extremely important to the Market Operator to meet the legal and regulatory
requirements, to meet the settlement process in an efficient, transparent and audited manner.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 6. TRANSMISSION NETWORK PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
6.1 Description of the network model
Transmission network planning begins with creating basic mathematical model which
corresponds to network situation at the end of 2009 using technical data elements that
comprise the Power System. The parameters necessary for creating basic mathematical
model include:
Electrical parameters of existing generators
Electrical parameters of 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV lines
Electrical transformer parameters, without including the distribution network transformers
The maximum active and reactive power during winter and summer season in the points of distribution
and other expendable points.
Common power flow in border lines
Normal configuration of the transmission network.
Simulations and technical analysis of system performance in different periods have been
conducted with the help of software package PSS/E 32. This applicable software for the
planning processes of transmission networks is used in most countries of South-East
Europe, but also in many European countries and the world.
Iterative method (recurring), "Full Newton Raphson” is used to calculate the power flows,
while in calculating the security network criteria is used the module ACA " AC Contingency
Solution "which is integrated into the PSS/E.
For the purpose of calculating the analysis of short circuits to the system nodes, and
disconnection ability of the breakers for voltage level: 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV was used
a more complex model, which includes the entire region of South-East Europe, model
which contains the order parameters of positive, negative and nular elements of the network.
To calculate the short circuit currents in the transmission network are implemented the
method of calculation according to the IEC 60909 standard.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Power System is analyzed for the most unfavorable conditions during the maximum load
on the network. Operating conditions and system performance depends on network
configuration, interconnection flows and connection of existing generators.
Transmission system performance in details, is analyze for the network configuration: 2009,
2011, 2013 and 2014.
Models 2010 and 2012 are analyzed, but due to non-relevant changes to the results of
simulations these are not present in this paper, based on the fact that the main developments
in reinforcement of the network are planned to occur in the years that the computer analysis
are focused. Computer models in PSS/E of internal and regional network were made
according to the above-mentioned configuration taken into consideration the developments
in the regional transmission network.
6.2 Transmission network analysis with the topology before entering of
SS Peja 3 (October 2009)
Network capacity before the reinforcement was about 930 MW with all the
elements in the operation (N-Criteria), taking into account the consumption of the
Ferronikel industry which is connected at 220 kV with sufficient transmission capacity.
Major impact on network capacity variations play 110 kV and 220 kV cross-border lines HP
Fierza - SS Prizren 2 and the injection of the generation of HP Ujmani. Over 85% of
domestic consumption is transferred or transformed through autotransformers 220/110 kV
installed at three substations of 220/110 kV voltage level.
6.2.1 N security criteria analysis
For the 880 MW gross consumption in the transmission network, no overloaded
elements are reported, but depending on the change of power flows and consumption if the
value exceeds 930 MW, the network will have dangerous overloads. Results of simulations
for this period can be seen in Appendix A. (figure A-1, A-2 and A-3)
Network elements which currently represent bottlenecks are given in the following:
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Autotransformers 220/110 kV
110kV lines
In that time period was most critical lines L118/5 SS Prishtina 4 – SS Ferizaj, which
appeared more frequently and at criticalmbingarkim in case of exceeding the consumption
over 900 MW.
6.2.2 N – 1 security criteria analysis
During the load of 880 MW in October 2009 the N-1 security criteria is not filled for the
following:
- One line of 220 kV (L293/2)
- And eight lines of 110 kV
- Three 220/110 kV substations in the transformation aspect.
Eventual opening any of the above elements during the heavy consumption caused
critical overload in other elements of the Power System, which disconnected very fast as a
result of the overload protection and therefore succeed violent de-energizing of a large parts
of transmission network. The most critical case which can occur in the transmission system
is the failure of 220 kV line nr. 293/2 SG Drenasi 1 - SS Prizren 2, if the interconnection
lines SS Prizren 2 - HP Fierza is not operational for various reasons. In this case the
transmission system is faced with drastic loss of transmission capacity and the collapse of the
voltage in a large transmission network. For this reason, the maintenance time of this
interconnection line is settled for annual periods when the power flows are minimal.
Computer analysis (simulations with PSS/E in the model system) indicates that the
transmission network currently can meet the N-1 criteria for loads lower than 650 MW.
In Appendix A (Tables A-1 and A-2) is shown the results of the N-1 security criteria
analysis.
Outage of the line L293/2 SS Drenas- SS Prizren 2, is also considered critical failure since its
effects are regional in case the line 220 kV HP Fierza - SS Prizren 2 is in operation. In special
cases of higher imports of the Power System of Albania this failure will cause critical
overload in the interconnection lines of 220 kV SS V. Dejes – SS Podgorica, which connect
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning the Albanian and Montenegro systems’. This problem will be avoided after line 400 kV SS
Podgorica – SS Tirana 2 will become operational.
6.2.3 Voltage profile and losses
Transmission network before reinforcements topology facing the low level problem
of the voltage in the distribution node, which is far from generation resources and strong
network nodes. This problem is emphasized in periods of high consumption wherein active
and reactive energy losses risk the voltage collapse part of the network. In the following
figure is given the voltage profile in the 110 kV network node during the operation of the
Power System in the load of 880 MW.
The figure 6-1 shows that areas with greater deviation (the valley curve) of the
voltage are the western area of Kosovo (Burimi – Peja - Decani) and south-eastern area of
Kosovo (Ferizaj - Viti - Gjilan-). With the increase of consumption above the value of 930
MW in the above mentioned areas it occurs the voltage collapse. In the case of outage of the
critical elements that do not meet the N-1 criteria, the level of voltage droped drastically in
areas affected by the critical collapse of the network. So we can say that N-1 criteria, in terms
of voltage security stability in eight cases of collapse are not met.
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
KOSOVA A
VUSHTRRI 2
VUSHTRRI
TREPÇA
VALLAÇI
BURIMI
PEJAPEJA
2
DEÇANI
GJAKOVA 1
GJAKOVA 2
KLINA
PRIZRENI 2
PRIZRENI 1
PRIZRENI 3
THERANDA
FERIZAJI
SHARRI
VITIJA
BERIVOJCA
GJILANI
PRISHTINA 4
PRISHTINA 1
PRISHTINA 2
PRISHTINA 3
PRISHTINA 5
BARDHI
LIPJA
NI
U(k
V)
Umin Umax
Figure 6-1. Voltage profile in the network 110 kV before entering into operation SS Peja 3- for 880 MW
consumption
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From the diagram of the voltage profile can be seen that the level of voltage in a number
of 110 kV substations it was not satisfactory. Considerably high level of drop in the voltage
it was in SS Peja 1 and SS Peja 2. Operation of the Kosovo Power System with these
parameters was quite difficult and not optimal. It all reflected in the increase of active and
reactive losses, depreciation of equipment and the quality of the transmitted energy.
Reasons for such great fall of voltage the above mentioned areas was the lack of strong
injection node, the large distance from the generating sources (reactive power transmission
in a distance caused a significant drop in voltage and increased active and reactive losses),
110 kV lines with 150mm2 sections and very high consumption.
The voltage profile in the area that includes the node: Vushtrria, Trepça, Vallaçi, Burimi
and Peja deteriorated if HP Ujmani was not operational.
Quite sensitive problem in the planning of the transmission network are the losses in
transmission. These losses represent a heavy burden for any independent operator of
transmission system. Identifying the elements that cause the biggest annual loss is a
determinant factor of selecting the best options to strengthen the transmission network.
In table A-3 of Appendix A can be seen the participation of the active and reactive power
losses of the system elements during consumption of 880 MW.
Based on the level of voltage lines, their natural strength and power flows can be
observed that 400 kV lines generate reactive power, 220 kV lines work in almost natural
regime, while a number of 110 kV lines are absorption of the reactive power due to the large
decrease of the voltage at the end of the line.
The 110 kV lines cause the greatest losses in the transmission network with a participation of
63% of total losses for time period October 2009. In the table A-3 of Annex A can be seen
the participation of the active and reactive power losses based on the voltage level.
Percentage of power losses at the time of maximum load of 880 MW was 3.46%. This
percentage was increasing significantly with increase of consumption over 900 MW.
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6.3 Transmission network situation analysis – end of 2009
6.3.1 N security criteria analysis
The network is analyzed with the topology system at the end of 2009 and the
projected consumption 1072 MW. Computer simulations show that there are no overloaded
elements. Results of simulations are presented in figure (A-4, A-5 and A-6) of Annex A.
After completion of the project, the network transmission capacity will increase from 930
MW to 1250 MW (34%). Even for period with maksimum load in system, network has
sufficient safety margin always referring to the Ncriteria.
In figure A-7 in Appendix A is presented a detailed single line diagram of EES of
Republic of Kosovo after the implementation of the projects mentioned earlier.
6.3.2 N – 1 security criteria analysis
Network performance in terms of N–1 operation, was analyzed with maximum
consumption of 1072 MW estimated for 2009. For each element one by one are simulated
outages, wherein the network is monitored in terms of the effect of these power flows
decline in the strength and level of voltage elements in bus bars, always with reference to
technical requirements of the Planning Code regarding the N-1 security criteria.
Computer analyses show a very positive effect of reinforcement of the transmission
network in improving the N – 1 security performance criteria. Out of the 11 lines that do
not meet the N–1 criteria, after reinforcements this number reduced to 7, two of which are
radial lines. While the three substations that do not meet the N–1 criteria in terms of
transformation, after reinforcement remains SS Prishtina 4 and SS Peja 3, which has only
one autotransformer.
In tab.A-4 and A-5 in Appendix A can be seen the list of critical elements, which
outage causes overload of the network elements. Most critical lines in terms of safety criteria
remain N-1 remain 110 kV lines SS Prishtina 4 – SS Gjilani 1 and SS Gjakova 1 - SS
Gjakova 2. The network may operate according to criteria N-1 up to 810 MW consumption
without taking into account both the radial lines (Lipjan, Rahovec).
In figure 6-2 can be seen values of transmission capacity of transmission network
(criteria N and N-1) in relation to load development for the years 2008-2009.
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Fig. 6-2 Development of the transmission network capacities that are planned related to consumption from
2008 until beginning of 2010
6.3.3 Voltage profile and losses
The main impacts of projects under implementation in the transmission network
result in significant improve of the voltage profile, which in some parts of the 110 kV
transmission network previously did not meet even minimum technical requirements. Two
key projects that affect the level of voltage rising in almost all nodes of 110 kV level are:
project Peja 3 and Project for the conversion of line L212 in 110 kV line. These two projects
will provide sufficient active and reactive power injections to the currently weakest,
optimizing other branches of the network, contributing directly to increased levels of voltage
and reducing the power losses. In figure 6-3 are shown two diagrams of the voltage profiles
before and after reinforcement innetwork. Clearly can be seen the effects of projects in
almost proportional increase in the level of voltage. All nodes in the level of voltage are
within the limits allowed in full compliance with the Grid Code.
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Figure. 6-3 Profile comparison of the voltages before and after the reinforcement in 2009
The effect of reinforcements in the network in loss reduction is very large. In order
to identify the elements participating in the losses they are divided by level of voltage and
transformation losses. Computer calculations give results which are presented in Table A-6
of Annex A.
Percentage of total power losses at peak winter hours at 1072 MW, with reinforced
topology of the network in 2009, are 2.83%. By comparing these losses with the losses
calculated in the previous network topology and consumption of 880 MW, transmission
network reinforcements in 2009, will enable significant reduction of power losses from
3.46% to 2.83%. Such improvement would be a very important factor in economic terms for
KOSTT and for the Power system in general, as effects on the reinforcement of the
transmission network will reflect positively on the distribution network.
6.4 Technical analysis of the transmission network (year - 2011)
In the following are present the assessments of the analysis of the network with
energy configuration at the end of 2011, wherein are included all projects of that time period
presented at chapter 5.
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6.4.1 N security criteria analysis
The network is analyzed in computer model with network topology at the end of
2011 and the projected consumption in 1112 MW. In figure A-12 of Appendix A, can be
seen the single line diagram of the EES of Kosovo - 2011. Implementation of the project
400/110 kV SS Ferizaj 2, installment of the third transformer in SS Prishtina 4, second
transformer in SS Peja 3, connection of SS Lipjan in line L112, allocation of the lines L1806
from SS Gjakova 2 in SS Gjakova 1, and increase of capacities of few 110 kV lines will
impact in further improvement of the transmitting capacities in the transmission network.
After completion of the above mentioned projects, the network transmission capacity will
increase from 1250 MW to 1550 MW, which means that the transmission network would
pass from consolidation phase to more advanced phase, with 66.7% increase of transmission
capacity compared to the current situation. For consumption of 1112 MW the transmission
network operates in high security margins. In the network cannot be noticed any overloading
elements and voltage in all nodes are in the permitted limits as per Grid Code.
6.4.2 N -1 security criteria analysis
There were simulated outages for each element one by one, where the network is
monitored in terms of the effect of these power flows decline in the elements and level of
voltage in bus bars, always with reference to technical requirements of the Planning Code
regarding the N-1 security criteria.
The fall of line L293/SS Drenas 2 - SS Prizren 2, will not cause overload in the transmission
network of Albania due to the operation of the line 400 kV SS Podgorica - SS Tirana, which
in 2010 will enter become operational.
Computer analysis shows the positive effect of reinforcement in terms of improving
security performance criteria N-1. Just a radial line that supply SS Rahoveci do not meet the
criteria N-1, while all other elements meet the criteria N-1. Simulations show that network
transmission capacity for N-1 value will reach 1100 MW.
In figure 6-4 is presented the diagram that shows the development of transmission
capacity from 2009 until 2011.
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Figure 6-4 Development of the transmission network capacities that are planned related to consumption from
2009 until beginning of 2011
From the diagram can be seen that in terms of meeting the criteria N, the network
has sufficient security margin towards the consumtion, while in terms of N – 1 security
criteria as soon as the SS Ferizaj 2 and second transformer in SS Peja 3 are operational, for
the first time they will meet the N – 1 security criteria, not considering a radial line. But with
continuing growth of consumption the fulfillment of N – 1 security criteria could not be
completed in its entirety at the time of maximum load.
6.4.3 Voltage profile and losses
Crucial projects affecting the level of increase of voltage in bus bars of 110 kV are:
Project Ferizaj 2 and increase of the capacity of 110 kV transmission lines. In figure 6-5 is
shown two diagrams of the voltage profiles before and after reinforcement of the time
period 2011. Can clearly seen the effects of projects in almost proportional increase in the
level of voltage. In all distribution nodes the voltage level are within the limits allowed and
close to the nominal value of 110 kV in full compliance with the Grid Code.
500600700800900
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
2009Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2010Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2011Q1 2011Q2 2011Q3 2011Q4 2012Q1
MW
Capacity/N (MW) Consumptioni (MW) Capacity /N-1 (MW)
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Figure. 6-5 Comparison of the voltages profile 2009 - 2011
Creation of a strong node in SS Ferizaj 2, and reinforcement in the capacity of some
110 kV lines, will significantly contribute in the further reductions of the active and reactive
losses in the transmission system. In the table A-12, Annex A, are presented the losses in the
transmission network. Active power losses at 1112 MW foreseen for 2011 are 25.8 MW or
2.32%. Also reactive power losses are significantly reduced because of the increase of the
voltage at the consumption points.
6.5 Technical analysis of the transmission network (year - 2013)
In the following are present the assessments of the analysis of the network with
energy configuration at the end of 2013, wherein are included all projects of that period
presented at chapter 5.
6.5.1 N security criteria analysis
The network is analyzed with a computer model with the system topology end of
2013 and the projected consumption in 1188 MW. Computer model includes a new 400 kV
line SS Kosovo B - SS Tirana 2, which is expected by the end of 2012 to become
operational. The impacts of this line in terms of power flows will be positive enough, since
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning two neighboring systems of Kosovo and Albania after a very long time with a weak
interconnection will strengthen capacities of interconnection from 200 MW to 800 MW,
after l400 kV ine becomes operational. In figure A-23, Appendix A can be seen the net flows
of regional powers after entering in operation 400 kV line SS Kosovo B - SS Tirana 2.
In terms of internal network in 2013 there will be no major changes to increase
network transmission capacity as in 2011, which mean that the transmission capacity will
increase in the value of 1600 MW.
In 2012 and 2013 will continue the re-vitalization of 110 kV lines and substations.
Computer simulations shows solid characteristics of performance of the transmission
network, with sufficient safety margin. No overloaded elements, while the most loaded
element would be 110 kV lines: SS Peja 3 – SS Peja 1, with the load of 70%. In figure A-14,
A-15 and A-16 of Appendix A, can be seen the results of simulations. This line represents
the first limit after 2014 in relation with consumption estimated by the average growth
scenario.
6.5.2 N-1 security criteria analysis
There were simulated outages for each element one by one, wherein the network is
monitored in terms of the effect of these flows decline in the strength and level of voltage
elements in bus bars, always with reference to technical requirements of the Planning Code
regarding the N-1 security criteria.
Computer analysis shows the positive effect of reinforcement in terms of improving
N-1 security criteria. Only the radial line that supplies SS Rahoveci does not meet the N-1
criteria, while all other elements meet the criteria N-1. Simulations shows that network
transmission capacity for N-1 value will reach 1188 MW. In figure 6-6 attached is a diagram
that shows the development of transmission capacity from 2009 to 2013
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Figure 6-6 Development of the transmission network capacities that are planned related to consumption from
2009 until beginning of 2013
6.5.3 Voltage profile and losses
The level of voltage in 2013 will be optimal. In all the 110 kV nodes the voltage will
be within the limits allowed under the Grid Code. In figure 6-7 can be seen the voltage
profile, which in most of the 110 kV bus bars is close to the nominal value. Significant
improvement of the voltage will directly affect the optimal balance of Power System in
terms of reactive power flows, while the effects will be seen not only in reducing losses in
transmission network but also in the distribution.
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Figure 6-7 Profile voltages in 2013
Active power losses during maximum load of 1188 MW will be 24.3 MW or 2.04%
(see tab. A-12 in Appendix A). For the first time during the peak hours transmission system
in terms of reactive power will be almost balanced. Significant impact on increasing the
reactive power injection will have the line 400 kV SS Kosovo B - SS Tirana 2 from which on
the 400 kV bus bars of SS Kosova B will be injected a considerable amount of reactive
power capacitative.
6.6 Technical analysis of the transmission network (year - 2014)
In the following are present the assessments of the analysis of the network with
energy configuration at the end of 2014, wherein are included all projects of that period
presented at chapter 5.
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6.6.1 N security criteria analysis
The network is analyzed with a computer model with the system topology end of
2014 and the projected consumption in 1217 MW. In fig A-21, Appendix A, single line
diagram of Power System Kosovo can be seen in the configuration of the network by 2014.
In this computer model is included a new 110 kV line SS Peja 1 – SS Peja 3 and
reinforcement of the 110 kV line SS Peja 2 - SS Decani.
After completing the above projects the network transmission capacity will be able to
accommodate 1700 MW. For the estimated consumption the network operates under
normal conditions of the energy parameters, at the safety margin of 483 MW in terms of
criteria N. Increased network capacity provided by the optimization of the power flows in
the network of Dukagjin area, after construction of a new 110 kV line SS Peja 3 - SS Peja 1.
The network is characterized by great optimization opportunities of the power flows, taking
into account the maintenance process, which even in times of large loads can be
accomplished. In figure A-18, A-19 and A-20 in Appendix A, is given the flow of power and
level of loading of the lines and transformers, calculated by computer simulations in PSS /
E in the model network 2014.
6.6.2 N-1 security criteria analysis
Network performance in terms of N-1 security criteria remains within the allowed limits.
No line or transformer is detected, whose collapse would create overload at the other
elements in the Power System. The network will meet the N-1 criteria at almost critical
limit. Network capacity in terms of meeting the N-1 security criteria for a configuration of
2014 will be 1220 MW.
Computer simulations at the model 2014 detect two 110 kV lines: L164/3 SS Prizren 1 - SS
Prizren 2 and line L1139/1 SS Prishtina 3 - SS Kosovo A, collapse of which will cause load
next to the thermal capacity of the lines L1804 SS Prizren 2 - SS Prizren 3, respectively
L1202 SS Prishtina 2 - SS Prishtina 4. This fact indicates that the region of Prishtina and
Prizren need new distribution nodes directly connected in the powerful nodes of the
transmission network in order to download the discharge substations 110/ x kV lines and
their interconnected lines. New substations planned by KEK - Distribution presented in
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning chapter 7 for the area of Prishtina (SS Prishtina 6, SS Prishtina 7, and SS Fushe Kosova) and
the area of Prizren (SS Dragash) will enable optimizing the 110 kV network but also the
discharged of 110 kV level distribution substations. In figure 6-8 can be seen a diagram that
shows the development of transmission capacity in the planned first five-years.
Figure 6-8 Development of the transmission network capacities that are planned related to consumption from
2009 until the end of 2014
6.6.3 Voltage profile and losses
The level of voltage in 2014 would be optimal but close to nominal values. In all 110
kV nodes the voltage will be within the limits allowed under the Grid Code. The voltage can
be evenly controlled through the voltage regulators at substations 400/110 kV and 220/110
kV.
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Fig. 6-9 Voltage profiles in 2014
Also, active and reactive power flows of 220 kV and 110 kV lines could be optimized so that
losses of active and reactive power could be minimized.
Active power losses during the maximum load 1217 MW will be 24.9 MW or 2.046%. If
compared with 2013 losses can be said that in 2014 there is a relatively low increase in the
level of losses as a result of continued growth of consumption.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 7. FAULT CURRENTS IN THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK
7.1 Introduction
This chapter examines the problem level of fault currents in all bus bars of 400 kV, 220 kV
and 110 kV voltage level. Review of fault currents or three phases and one phase to ground
short circuit level was made for periods in relation to the planned developments in
transmission network and the overall Kosovo Power System.
7.2 Calculation of fault currents level
Kosovo Power System is strongly interconnected to regional transmission network
400 kV and 220 kV. Relevant supplies of fault currents which are characterized by serious
impact on system security are concentrated in two main substations of the system: SS
Kosovo B and SS Kosovo A. In these two substations are connected all existing TP plants.
The objective of the study of short circuits is assessment of the impact of fault currents in
the security of the system. Fault currents in 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV bus bars will be
calculated in accordance with Policy 3 of the Handbook of ENTSO-E.
The basic aim of this study is to identify the bus bars in which the level of fault currents
exceeds breaking capacities of the existing breaker and determination of security margin of
all installed breakers or those that will be installed in the transmission system in Kosovo.
7.2.1 Mathematical model, calculation methodology and applied software
In order to determine the maximum fault currents in transmission system of Kosovo
and the impact of neighboring systems in these currents, in study was used regional model
which include 13 models of integrated Power System of the countries of South-Eastern
Europe. For this analysis is also used software PSS/E 32. Part of the network which is
interconnected with this model it’s equivalented to the Teveneni network (method for
simulations of models in the case of large networks).
Calculation methodology is based on the IEC 90609 standard. Maximum effective value of
the sub-transient component of the total fault currents three-phase and one-phase with
ground, is applied to every bus bars of level 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV. In this case the
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning generators are equivalented according to their sub-transient reactance X "d. The time of
100ms is considered as the time of fault elimination.
Based on IEC 90609 standard, calculations are made for no load operation, while
the initial conditions of the equivalented network voltage of the Tevenen is taken as 1.1Un.
Ik” = Effective value of the fault currents
ip = The initial amplitude of the fault currents
Ik= Continual fault currents
idc = Dc component of the fault currents
A = Initial value of the dc component of idc
Figure 7-1 Form of the fault currents and its components
7.2.2 Features of the power circuits of the transmission network
In the transmission system currently in the existing substations of KOSTT are installed
different types of circuit breakers in terms of producers. While in terms of types of
dielectrical medium for extinguish electric arch are installed two types of breakers:
Oil circuits and
Gas circuits SF6
The old generation of the breakers have usually used oil as a dielectric medium for
extinguish the arch, while new generations of breakers use SF6 gas with a dielectric
characteristic and much better durability.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning Breakres with SF6 medium for arch extinguish represent necessary standard of breakers for
installation in transmission network. Also this kind of breaker has general features
significantly better than oil breakers, as in electro-mechanical stability during the process of
normal connections and disconnection, or the occurrence of fault currents.
KOSTT systematically is replacing the oil breakers with the new breakers within the re-
vitalizing projects of the existing substations. Disconnection capacity of circuit breakers is
different starting from 16.5 kA, 18.3 kA, 23 kA, 31.5 kA and 40 kA. The safety margin of the
breakers and other high voltage equipments is estimated by recognizing the level of faults
currents failures in a long-term domain that can occur in all substations and compared with
the level of disconnection capacities of the breakers.
7.3 Results of the calculated fault currents
Based on IEC 60909 standard, are calculated three-phase and one-phase to ground short
circuit for voltage levels 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV of the transmission network.
Calculation of currents is made in computer models in relation to the project development
under the network configuration: 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2014.
For the period 2015-2019 the breaking currents were not calculated in details due to
uncertainty in the development of new generation capacity (capacity and time) and their
interconnection configuration in the transmission network, which are essential in
determining the level of fault currents. In Chapter 8 in a generalize manner are presented the
effects of installing new generators to increase the value of fault currents in the domain of
the second five year planning period, starting from the lowest scenario development of
generating units of PP New Kosovo, HP Zhuri and different potentials from energy parks
that have wind generation which will eventually be installed in Shtime region.
7.3.1 Assessments of the calculated fault currents (2009)
Results of simulation of three-phase and one-phase fault currents with ground for network
configuration according to the latest situation in 2009 based on the IEC 60909 standards is
presented in Table B-1 of Annex B.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning The results of computer calculations in PSS/E show greater level of short circuit power in
two main substations, SS Kosovo A and SS Kosovo B, which are very close to generating
resources and supplies from the powerful interconnection of 400 kV.
At 220 kV bus bars at SS Kosovo B the one phase to ground short circuit at a value
of 26.92 kA represents the largest electricity transmission network. Also in the SS Kosovo A
at the both levels of voltage the one phase to ground short circuit are relatively large at 25.81
kA (at 220 kV) and 24.03 kA (110 kV). All breakers installed in the above mentioned
substations have adequate margin of safety, since they have the necessary disconnecting
capacity of 40 kA. All 110 kV substations that are near SS Kosovo A (area of Prishtina) are
characterized by large fault currents. Results of calculating the level of fault currents lead to
the following conclusions:
Breakers installed in the SS Palaj have no safety margin and as such should be replaced with
SF6 circuits, with a disconnection capacity of 40 kA.
Other breakers have sufficient safety margin. Their disconnection capacity towards fault currents
level is within the limits allowed under the IEC standards for the high voltage disconnection
equipments.
Plans for re-vitalizing of substations SS Peja 1, SS Gjakova 1 etc will help increase the safety
margin of these substations, which have very old breakers installed that does not guarantee
the stated nominal stability.
7.3.2 Assessments of the calculated fault currents (2011)
The development of the network and change of the configuration change affects the
values of fault currents. Creating a new 400 kV node in SS Ferizaj 2, will significantly affect
the increase of fault currents in substations connected to it and beyond. Also impedance
reduction of 110 kV lines due to their reinforcement impacts the growth of fault currents.
Table B-2 of Annex B, presents the results of the calculation of fault currents for
configurations in 2011.
In the table can be seen that all bus bars of the transmission system have an increase
of the values of fault currents. Biggest increase happened in the area near SS Ferizaj 2
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning wherein the SS Ferizaj 1 the fault currents from the current values Ik3 = 6.9 kA and Ik1 = 7
kA will be increase in Ik3 = 19.3 and Ik1 = 19.8, which represents nearly tripling of the level
of fault currents. Therefore, preliminarily are replaced all breakers in this substation 110 kV
with breakers of 40 kA capacity.
Based on the plan for re-vitalization of substations in relation to the disconnection capacity
of high voltage equipments and values calculated for the fault currents in the system for
configuration 2011 can be concluded that:
There is a significant increase in the level of fault currents at substations associated with NS
Ferizaj 2.
All circuit breakers installed in the transmission network has sufficient margin of safety.
Plans for re-vitalizing of substations SS Peja 1, SS Gjakova 1 etc will help increase the safety
margin of these substations, which have very old breakers installed that does not guarantee
the stated nominal stability.
7.3.3 Assessments of the calculated breaking currents (2013)
Putting into operation of 400 kV line SS Kosovo B - SS Tirana 2, will significantly affect the
increase of fault currents in the transmission network, especially in SS Kosovo A and B.
Table B-3 of Annex B shows the results of the calculation of fault currents for
configurations in 2013.
From the results in the table it can be seen that the fault currents in SS Kosovo A and SS
Kosovo B have an increase of 5% from the current situation.
At 220 kV bus bars in SS Kosovo B the short circuit single-phase currents at a value of 28.4
kA represents the largest currents in the transmission network.
Based on the plan for re-vitalization of substations in relation to the disconnection capacity
of high voltage equipments and values calculated for the fault currents in the system for
configuration 2012/2013 can be concluded that:
All circuit breakers installed in the transmission network has sufficient safety margin but in many
of them this margin is reduced from 3% to 5% caused by increased levels of fault currents.
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Increase of fault currents is caused by the 400 kV line SS Kosovo B - SS Tirana 2 become
operational.
Plans for further re-vitalization of the substations 110/x kV will help increase the safety
margin of high voltage equipment.
7.3.4 Assessments of the calculated fault currents (2014)
Fault currents calculated in the computer model for 2014 does not differ much from
2013 since there are not many relevant developments of new generating capacity or of the
powerful 400 kV network. Table B-4 of Annex B presents the results of calculation of fault
currents for 2014 configurations.
All circuit breakers installed in the transmission network has sufficient margin of safety
Plans for re-vitalizing of the SS Gjilan 1 would help in increasing the safety margin of this
substation.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 8. POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSMISSION
NETWORK (2010-2019)
8.1 Introduction
Due to high uncertainties in the planning process, the second five years planning periods of
2015-2019 will be considered as a conceptual plan which identifies the harsh details of future
developments, potentially necessary for the transmission system, based on signals coming
from KEK – Distribution System Operator, industry sector and new conventional
generators, or those from renewable sources, namely wind generation resources.
It is certain that Kosovo is expected to have increase in economic development, so the
demand for energy is expected to have annual average increase of 3%. Also in this planning
period is expected to install new thermal and hydro generation capacities. Climate changes,
have contributed greatly in subsidizing the renewable sources of energy, not only in Europe
but throughout the globe. Even in our country many investors have expressed interest to
invest in the installation of substantial capacity of Wind Energy Parks. Access KOSTT to
third parties that express interest involved in the transmission network is the same and non
discriminatory.
In terms of development potential consumption it is expected that in some areas of Kosovo
to have the largest increase consumption than in some other areas. This is reflected in long
term development plan of KEK – Distribution System Operator under which are planned
the necessary reinforcement of distribution network. List of projects planned by KEK –
Distribution System Operator which relate to the 110 kV network and possible options in
the transmission network connection are presented in Appendix C. These projects will be
considered conceptual unless applied for connection in transmission network and while their
implementation is considered credible.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 8.2 Possible 400 kV network developments in relation to the generation
development.
Putting into operation of 400 kV interconnection line in SS Kosovo B - SS Tirana 2
and other relevant regional 400 kV line SS Podgorica – SS Tirana will bring the transmission
systems of three countries: Kosovo, Albania, Montenegro into much more advanced
position by eliminating bottlenecks in the 220 kV network and increasing transfer capacities
of the interconnection lines.
But Long-term Energy Balances foreseen of countries in the region including Power
System of Italy, Greece and Turkey show numerous developments in appropriate aspects of
the growth of new generating capacity to cover national consumption which are steadily
increasing. Still many countries of South-East Europe for a long time will have a deficit to
cover the demand from their own sources. Croatia, Hungary, Greece, Italy, Turkey will be
countries with high energy deficit. Three countries Italy, Greece and Turkey will face a
deficit of high consumption in summer season from the fact that they develop the tourism
sector. Many countries have ambitious plans to increase generating capacity of conventional
type (PP and HP) and wind-generating capacity, but their implementation is still within the
uncertainties of the high investment in South-east Europe region, referring to the global
economy crisis which has influenced the uncertainty for the implementation of these
ambitious projects. Kosovo is known for its large reserves of primary energy resources of
lignite-based and according to the national energy strategy, the development of new
generation capacities are plans through projects such as: PP New Kosovo, HP Zhuri and a
substantial number of small hydro plant stations.
The transmission network will enable the generation development, proper supply of
consumers and inter-state exchanges of the energy. Future development of the high voltage
network of 400 kV in Kosovo and region depends on many factors. Main factors are
presented in the following:
New generation capacities development, and capacity, location and time when they will
become operational.
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Long-term Energy Balances of the countries in the region which determine the exchanges
quantity between the exporting and importing countries.
Integration of the generation capacities from the renewable resources with a special
emphasis in the wind energy of the Power System of the countries in the region etc. Also the developments in the optimal re-configuration of the network 110 kV in relation to
the 400 kV network will depend on the above mentioned factors.
If in the long term period in the Kosovo Power System will be installed the
generating capacity of more than 1000 MW, it is necessary to have further developments in
the 400 kV network in order to meet the security requirements of the operation of the
transmission network. In this case must be considered de-commissioning of PP Kosovo A,
which is expected to occur by 2017.
Currently our 400 kV network has star-type configuration, where in the centre of the
star we have the key generation injections. Increase of the generation capacity more than
1000 MW, almost in the same location with the current configuration will lead to risk of the
system operation. For this reason the current star configuration, must be converted to 400
kV ring configuration which is characterized as highly flexible network in terms of meeting
the security criteria. These developments should occur in long-term domain, perhaps in the
period 2017-2019, which fully depends on the development of new generation capacities in
Kosovo. In table 8-8 is shown a ring configuration option of 400 kV network.
Configuration shown in the drawing below will enable the accommodation of new
generating capacity higher than 1000 MW. To create the ring in the area of Prizren, which is
considered the largest consumer nodes there should be build a new substation SS Prizren 4,
400/110 kV a similar substation with SS Peja 3 and SS Ferizaj 2. This substation will be
connected with SS Ferizaj 2, 400 kV line, 47km with SS Ferizaj 2 and through 400 kV lines,
35km in the switch gear 400 kV close to Gajkova. Installation of new generating capacity
and re-configuration of 400 kV network will significantly affect the increase of fault currents
level, especially in the network close to the generating resources. Most affected will be the SS
Kosovo B, SS Kosovo A and all substations built in the Prishtina region.
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Figure 8- 1Ppossible long term vision of the configuration of the Kosovo’s 400 kV network
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
9.1 Environmental caution
Based on the KOSTT Transmission Development Plan 2010-2019, the
environmental issues should have an appropriate place in the planning. Continuous caution
for environment will be part of the overall KOSTT Policy and engagement of this police is
addressed in the certification of KOSTT with ISO 14001:2004 Standard. KOSTT
Development Plan will take measures to prevent and correct any mistake that is referred to
the environmental protection in accordance with the internal and external legal bases.
Negative impacts mainly include terms of the impact of electromagnetic fields (EMF), noise
and visual impact on the environment (more important effects).
9.2 Environmental problems in the transmission system
One can say that the Environmental problems in the transmission system is divided into following:
• Environmental problems caused by the lines, and • Environmental problems caused by the substations
9.2.1 Environmental problems caused by the lines
Today when needed energy necessary for the development of our country, appeared
in the Development Plan, we need to adjust the priority of claims being aware of their
impact on the environment. Therefore we can say that the priority is set towards a necessary
development of electricity transmission of high voltage (during the above elaboration this
need is reflected and justified), not eliminate the need to minimize the possible impacts on
the environment. Most of the lines pass through the agricultural areas, while a little less of
those lines that pass on the mountain ecosystems where their impact is not so expressed.
From the aspect of electromagnetic radiation, greater influence has the industrial frequency
electromagnetic fields. The research of harmful effects of this type of non-ionizing radiation
on man have not yet given the final answer, but it should be noted that nowadays there is a
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning special interest for the possible effects of electromagnetic fields on electrical equipment as
well as on the living creatures, especially on people. On the moment of the legal sanction of
electromagnetic impact this plan will take into consideration and will be subject to TDP's
implementation.
In the future appropriate recordings should be done and adaption to the
requirements recommended by World Health Organization. Also it should forwarded to any
cause of a wrong automatice action, reduced signal – noise report in communications
equipment and data transmit, etc.
9.2.2 Environmental problems caused by the substations
Besides occupying the surfaces substations carry the biggest visual changes in their
surroundings, but in aesthetic terms do not affect significantly, since under the rules they
should be located outside residential areas. The continuous noise caused (transformers work)
or the non-continuous work (disconnection equipment/circuits), the most direct impact on
the environment of substations, and due to vegetation relief is rarely transferred to the
residential areas, but in the substations location is likely to have greater value than those
allowed.
In modern equipment disconnection/circuits, is present the inert gas, not dangerous to
human health, but with undesirable impact on the ozone cover and toxic products in small
concentrations, caused during the process of working of equipments.
Having in mind that there are strict procedures in accordance with rules therefore the
procedures of using SF6 circuits, proposed that the implementation of SF6 technology, the
maintenance to be instructured after several decades of exploitation, so that the risk index
will be brought to minimum. Large quantities of synthetic oils found in powert transformers,
while a little less in the high voltage equipment. Having in mind that oils possess a high
potential for environmental pollution, adequate measures are taken, such as the construction
of collecting pool and protection for collections of any oil leakage. These pools at the same
time are a kind of prevention in cases of large failures likely to occur.
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 9.3 Caution on the other environmental impacts
At a time when the need for more and more energy is growing, the real impact on
the environment and aims for qualitative protection of this segment including this TDP that
supports the following:
• Reduction of emissions in water, air and land
• Increase of energy efficiency
• Enforcing preventive measures in order to reduce the number of accidents
• Development of systems for data collection and database (electronic forms)
• Reduction of parts and equipment that are outdated, etc
All these are implemented in preliminarily planned time frames, as:
• Reducing the damage done in the past
• Reduce the impact of ongoing activity in the relevant sector, and
• Prevention of pollution from activities in the future (e.g. EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
and preventive measures in proper reduction)
9.4 Environmental plans
In favor of the implementation of the requirements for environmental protection is
the well supported initiative in setting environmental policy in KOSTT which is under the
procedure to be adopted. Clear definition of environmental issues in KOSTT and
orientation on what will be done to control the environment, means planning. Planning is
accomplished through new projects, which are followed by the Environmental Impact
Assessment. The implementation is started by established the organizational structure, staff
responsibilities, competencies and training. Communication practices, control of documents
and procedures, operational control and emergency preparation, define the operational part
of the program. These points are also included in the EMS Manual (Environmental
Management System) which will document a program that has determined objectives and
targets to be achieved. This Manual was developed and has 18 procedures included. These,
along with routine audits that are done within the year 2008, 2009 and the first three months
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constitute a program of controlling acts and corrective ones in EMS. Finally, a review of
routine management activities is lowed by the highest level in KOSTT.
The long term environmental planning will support the benefit and KOSTT development
plan, by aiming:
Proper financial management, which directs a better environmental control Therefore in KOSTT will be included all operational parts that have impact in environment
but by controlling the costs and its impact in the general budget.
Apart from the above mentioned we should also respect:
• Internal legislation (environment, energy)
• EU Legislation (environment, energy)
• Technical codes in KOSTT
• International standards and norms etc.
We have to work on the improvement and update of the new technologies and in
improvement of the infrastructure of the operation system (SCADA) and transmission
system (construction of the double and triple lines)
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning 10. REFERENCES
In this report the references were made from the following published studies and reports:
[1] Transmission Network Development Plan 2007-2013 /KOSTT
[2] Long term energy balance 2009-2018/KOSTT
[3] Generation Adequacy Plan 2009-2015/KOSTT
[4] List of new Transmission Capacities and Interconnection Lines 2009-2015/KOSTT
[5] Grid Code – second edition /KOSTT
[6] Electrical Equipment Code/KOSTT
[7] Transmission Connection Charging Methodology /KOSTT
[8] Transmission System Security and Planning Standards/KOSTT
[9] Operating Security Standards/KOSTT
[10] Electrical Standard Code/KOSTT
[11]. Distribution Code/KOSTT-KEK
[12] ESTAP I, Module C: “Power Transmission Master Plan”, (CESI et al, 2002), World
Bank Grant #TF-027991.
[13] ESTAP II: Feasibility Study for the Kosova – Albania 400 kV Transmission
Interconnection Project (CESI, September 2005), World Bank Grant #H048
[14] UCTE Operation Handbook, Last version
[15] Energy strategy of Kosovo/MEM
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Department ; SYSTEM OPERATOR Sector: System development and long term planning [16] (GIS) Generation Investment Study, REBIS (Regional Balkan Infrastructure Study)
(The end of document)
Drafted Checked Approved
Name and Surname
Gazmend Kabashi Xhavit Sadiku Sabri Musiqi
Signature
Date 21.12.2009 17.05.2010 24.05.2010
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