Tracheophyte Evolution. Origin Big split between Lycophyte lineage and Euphyllophytes Euphyllophytes...

Tracheophyte Evolution

Origin Big split between

Lycophyte lineage and Euphyllophytes

Euphyllophytes have megaphylls, pseudomonopodial growth

Next Big Split Monilophytes (ferns

and fern allies, including horsetails) and Lignophytes

Monilophytes: Multiflagellate sperm; reproduction by spores; many functional megaspores; stellar anatomy; chloroplast inversion.

Lignophytes Progymnosperms,

Seed Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Flowering plants

Secondary xylem and phloem, cambial ring; heterospory.

Seed plants 1 functional megaspore;

integument around megasporangium; seeds; pollen grains.

Radiation (= who knows order) into Genophytes, Conifers, Ginkgo, cycads and ANGIOSPERMS

Angiosperms Seeds in carpels; stigmatic

surface; megagametophyte of 8 nuclei; double fertilization

Closest ancestor – shifting ideas

Basal Angiosperm Evolution

Vessels after Amborella

Diploid endosperm

Carpels sealed by secretion

And then …. Postgenital fusion

of carpel epidermes

Carpel primordium is U-shaped

Radiation – Magnoliids, ?? Monocots, Eudicots

Monocots Scattered vascular

bundles; no vascular cambium; leaf blade from base of primordium; one cotyledon

About half the monocots are orchids (19,500) or grasses (10,000)

Poales

Monocots