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Trace Mineral Requirements of Broiler Breeders Reassessed

(Fe, Zn and Cu)

Sergio Vieira, Ph.DUFRGS, Porto Alegre

Chick Origin

• Egg– 60% albumen– 30% yolk– 10% shell

Breeder Nutrition

Response

Nut

rient

Egg

Embryo

Micro Minerals, % Egg

YolkAlbumenMembraneShell

Zn Fe

Richards, 1997

Cu

Mineral Requirements

• 26 minerals– 11 Macro

• C, H, O, N, S, Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg– 15 Micro

• Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, Mo, Se, Cr, I, F, Sn, Si, Va, Ar

• Only 3 haver atomic number > 34 (I, Se, Mo)• Most are between 23 and 34• 6 essentials: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, I

Mineral Intake

• Cereal grains• Legumes• Animal by-products• Drinking water• Supplementation

• Inorganics• Organics

Micro Mineral Requirements

• Limited investigation – impacts in the progeny

• Suggestions without research basis• Regulation on maximum levels• Supplementation instead of requirements

Micro MineralsSuggested Supplementation, ppm

Rostagno2017

Cobb-Vantress2013

Aviagen2016

NRC 1994

Cu 9.9 15 10 ?Fe 45.9 55 50 60Zn 65.1 110 110 45Mn 70.0 120 120 20Se 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.06I 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.1

ME, kcal/kg 2.760CP 15,4Corn 58,3Soybean meal 19,4Wheat bran 12,2Soy oil 1,0Limestone 6,4Dicalcium P 1,6

Practical Commercial Feed2,750 kcal/kg, 15% CP

Micro minerals, ppm

Cu Fe Zn Mn SeCorn 1.2 13.7 12.5 3.1 0.04Soybean meal 3.2 29.2 9.0 6.2 0.08Wheat bran 1.8 25.0 16.4 12.5 0.04Limestone 0.7 450.7 1.8 23.6 -Dicalcium P 0.3 73.0 2.8 8.5 -Total 7.2 592 42.4 53.9 0.16

Minerals in Commercial Feeds

Maximum Levels(European Food Safety Authority)

ppm Fe No limitZn 100Mn 150Cu 25Se 0.5

Estimation of Requirements

• Quadratic, broken line, exponential– Requirements may be very different

Quadratic Broken line Exponential

Micro Mineral Requirements• Cobb 500 breeders in individual cages

• 20 replications

• Diet deficient and depletion

• Sulfate: Cu, Fe and Zn

• 6 levels

• 5 periods of 28 d

• Factorial 6 x 5 (diets x periods)

Individually Caged

Progeny Evaluation

Rice grain 40,90 ME, kcal/kg 2,760Corn 27,60 CP 15,40Soy protein concentrate 10,10 Ca 3,20Ca carbonate 7,75 Pd 0,45Oat hulls 8,98 Na 0,20Soy oil 1,00Phosphoric acid 1,93K carbonate 0,72 Cu, ppmNa bicarbonate 0,24 Calculated 2,38K Chloride 0,21 Analyzed 2,67Choline Cl 0,16L-Lysine HCl (78%) 0,02DL-Methionine (99%) 0,16L-Threonine (98,5%) 0,05Premix Vitamin and Mineral1 0,201Premix mineral :Zn, 110 mg; Mn, 120 mg, Fe, 50 mg; Se, 0,3 mg e I, 2 mg por Kg.

Cu Deficient Diet, %

Rice 30,00 ME, kcal/kg 2,76Corn 35,61 CP 15,42Soy protein concentrate 10,32 Ca 3,00Ca carbonate 7,49 Pd 0,45Oat hulls 11,63 Na 0,19Soy oil 1,60Phosphoric acid 1,64K carbonate 0,78 Zn, ppmNa bicarbonate 0,1 Calculated 15,89Salt 0,06 Analyzed 18,70K chloride 0,18Choline chloride 0,18DL-Methionine (99%) 0,16L-Threonine (98,5%) 0,05Premix Vitamin and mineral 0,20

Tabela 1. Composição da dieta deficiente em Zinco

1Premix mineral :Cu, 15 mg; Mn, 120 mg, Fe, 50 mg; Se, 0,3 mg e I, 2 mg por Kg.

Zn Deficient Diet, %

Fe Deficient Diet, %

Rice grain 59,17 ME, Kcal/Kg 2.800Corn 12,00 CP 14,70Soy protein concentrate 9,32 Ca 3,30Ca carbonate 8,21 Pd 0,40Oat hullls 6,54 Na 0,18Soybean oil 1,03Phosphoric acid 1,77Na bicarbonate 0,29K chloride 0,25 Fe, ppmK carbonate 0,86 Calculated, ppm 27,30Choline chloride 0,16 Analyzed, ppm 24,60DL-Methionine, 99% 0,13L-Threonine, 98.5% 0,06Premix Vitamin and mineral 0,22

Cu and Hatching Eggs

Cu and Hemoglobin

Cu and Hematocrit

Cu in the Serum

Cu in the Yolk, ppm

Cu and Shell Membrane

EXP – 7,29

*** Palisade**Mamilar * Membranes

MEV

2,67 ppm

20,19 ppm

16,83 ppm

9,38 ppm

5,82 ppm

12,92 ppm

Fe Depletion

Fe in Yolk

60

70

80

90

100

110

24.6 49.3 74.0 98.8 123.5 148.2

Yolk

Fe,

ppm

Total Fe, ppm

Série3 Polinômio (Série2) Potência (Série2)Quadratic polynomial Broken-line .... Exponential

BL - 89,27 QP – 97,06

EXP – 111.0

Fe RequirementsFe, ppm

QP BL EXP

Total eggs 96,2 87,3 97,9Fe in yolk 97,1 89,3 111,0Hematocrit hen, % 130,6 135,0 -Hematocrit chick, % 122,6 128,4 -Hemoglobin hen, g/ dL 120,0 133,8 77,9Hemoglobin hen, g/dL 125,0 95,0 96,3

Fe in the Whole Egg, ppm

Bess et al, 2013

Zn Requirements

Zn and Hatching Eggs

Zn Requirements

Zn, ppmQuadratic BL Exponential

Total eggs 116 76 65Yolk Zn 125 65 60Membrane thickness

126 68 64

ALP 162 125 -

Ppm Zn

19

110

171

Hatchability ofg Fertiles,

%

Shell Proportion, %

Shell Thickness, µm

Sulfates 88,4 b 8,96 b 382 b

Sulfates + Min AA 90,6 a 9,10 a 385 a

Min AA ON TOP 90,3 a 9,17 a 386 a

Zn, Mn, Cu Amino Acid

Favero et al, 2013

0-7 d 8-14 d 15-21 d Pips

Sulfates 3.1 a 0.84 4.6 3.0

Sulfates + AA 2.1 b 0.51 4.3 2.5

ON TOP 2.6 ab 0.71 4.0 2.4

Embryo Mortality, %

Favero et al, 2013

E 14 d E 18 dHatching

ChickThickness,

mmAsh,

%Thick,

mmAsh,

%Length,

cm

Sulfates 1,46 69,2 b 2,03 b 76,7 b 19,5 bSulfates + AA 1,45 70,3 a 2,09 a 77.0 b 19,5 abON TOP 1,47 69,8 ab 2,07 a 77,6 a 19,6 a

Embryo Legs

Favero et al, 2013

**

*

Average Requirements, ppm

Req.Feed

Contents SupplementationCu 13 7 6Fe 107 592 -Zn 83 42 41

Final Comments

• Micro mineral nutrition of breeders has to take in account the progeny• General supplementation suggestions are excessive• Micro mineral source has to be considered