Towards Diffraction Limited Storage Ring Based Light Sources

Liu LinBrazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory - LNLS

Liu LinBrazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory - LNLS

Towards Diffraction Limited Storage Ring Based Light Sources

Highlights from Sirius, the Brazilian Light Source Project

Outline

• The new generation of Storage Ring Light Sources

• High brightness and coherence– Low emittance

– Phase-space matching

• Sirius, the Brazilian Light Source Project– Lattice design highlights: low beta sections

– Light source & beamline integration: improved solution for

CARNAÚBA beamline

• Conclusion

The new generation of storage rings

Adapted from R. Bartollini

emittance scaling

3rd Generation

emittance scaling

3rd Generation

4th Generation - MBA

Some new storage rings and upgrade plans

Machine Energy [GeV] Circum. [m] NB Emit. [pm] statusMAX-IV 3 528 140 330 operation, new

Sirius 3 518 100 250 construction, new

ESRF-U 6 844 224 135 construction, upgrade

ALS-U 2 196 108 109 planned, upgrade

APS-U 6 1104 280 42 planned, upgrade

CLS-II 3 510 147 186 planned, new

Diamond-II 3 561 144 140 planned, upgrade

Elettra-II 2 259 72 250 planned, upgrade

HEPS 6 1296 336 59 planned, new

ILSF 3 528 100 275 planned, new

PEP-X 4.5 2199 12 planned, upgrade

PETRA-IV 6 2304 504 12 planned, upgrade

SLS-II 2.4 290 84 103 planned, upgrade

Soleil-II 2.75 354 104 230 planned, upgrade

Spring8-II 6 1436 200 157 planned, upgrade

Planned machines are at different planning stages.

Storage ring spectral brilliance (brightness)

1st Generationparasitic operation in colliders, bending magnets

2nd Generationdedicated sources from bending magnets, high flux

3rd GenerationDBA, TBA lattices with straight sections for wigglers and undulators, high brilliance

4th Generationemittance reduction with MBA lattices,high performance IDs, high coherent flux

Spectral brilliance and coherent fraction

• Spectral brilliance: Flux density in phase space

• Spectral brilliance: Flux density in phase spacePhoton flux [photons/s/0.1% bw]

electron beam emittance

photon limiting emittance

for Gaussian beam

for undulatorbeam

• Coherent fraction for undulator radiation

Photon flux [photons/s/0.1% bw]

for Gaussian beam

for undulatorbeam

• Diffraction limited storage ring

for Gaussian beam

for undulatorbeam

• Diffraction limited storage ring

for Gaussian beam

for undulatorbeam

εx,y ≈ 100 pm.raddiffraction limit for 2 keV

εx,y ≈ 20 pm.raddiffraction limit for 10 keV

Achieving low emittance with MBA

damping partition

curvature functiondamping partition

dispersion’s betatron amplitude

η: dispersion functionβ, α: Twiss functions

Emittance depends on optics at places where radiation is emitted (dipoles).

Double bend achromat - DBA

......

Multiple bend achromat – MBAmany small dipoles to keep

horizontal focus in each dipole

dipolequadrupole

dispersion function

The Multi Bend Achromat Challenges

Courtesy: Ricardo Rodrigues

MBAMany short

MBASmall beamemittance

Many short cells

High orbit stabilityMBA

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

High orbit stability

• Stable magnets, girdersand floor

• Stable power supplies

Many short cells

High orbit stability • Tight orbit correction

with fast feedback, feedforward

Many short cells

High orbit stability • Tight orbit correction

with fast feedback, feedforward

• Minimize beam instabilities, optimize components impedance

Many short cells

High magnetic

field gradients

• Tight orbit correction with fast feedback, feedforward

Many short cells

High magnetic

field gradients

Very sensitive to errors

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

High magnetic

field gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

High magnetic

field gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

High magnetic

field gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

Strong non-linear beam

dynamics

Small clearance for injection

Low lifetimeHigh

magnetic field

gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

dynamics

Low lifetimeHigh

magnetic field

gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

• Non-linear dynamics optimization tools

• New elements, octupoles

dynamics

Low lifetimeHigh

magnetic field

gradients

• Novel injection schemes, on-axis injection, ultra-fast kickers

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

dynamics

Low lifetimeHigh

magnetic field

gradients

Compact magnets • Novel injection schemes,

on-axis injection, ultra-fast kickers

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

dynamics

Low lifetime

Small aperture vacuum

chambers

High magnetic

field gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

dynamics

Combined function magnets

Low lifetime

chambers

High magnetic

field gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

• New elements, octupolesHigh vacuum impedance

dynamics

High coupling impedance

Low lifetime

chambers

High magnetic

field gradients

• Special pumping, NEG coating

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

dynamics

Low lifetime

chambers

High magnetic

field gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

dynamics

Low lifetime

chambers

High magnetic

field gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

dynamics

Low lifetime

chambers

High magnetic

field gradients

Small beamemittance

Many short cells

dynamics

Recent advances in accelerator technology, simulation tools, new design ideas, etc, are helping to overcome the challenges but many issues are still open and require R&D.

Other ingredients to reduce emittance

• Increase damping partition number Jx by adding transverse field gradient in dipoles.

• Longitudinal dipole gradient

– Curvature function– To keep product small: compensate variation in with variation in– Radiate more (high curvature) where is small.

• Achromatic cells and low field dipoles to enhance emittance reduction with Insertion Devices.

• Different dipole lengths, shorter dipoles at cell ends, where η = η’ = 0 .

• Different dipole lengths, shorter dipoles at cell ends, where η = η’ = 0 .• Increase damping with Damping Wigglers → energy spread increases.

• Different dipole lengths, shorter dipoles at cell ends, where η = η’ = 0 .• Increase damping with Damping Wigglers → energy spread increases.• Anti-bends (SLS). Disentangle dispersion η and beta function βx.

Diffraction Limit: low emittance is not all! Phase space matching

matchedmismatched

actual radiation emittance

electron beam

emittance

photon limiting

emittance

Electron beam and radiation phase-space

Matching condition

Highest brilliance from undulator of length L is achieved when

Ryan R. Lindberg and Kwang-Je Kim (2015)

matchedmismatched

electron beam

emittance

photon limiting

emittance

Matching condition

Highest brilliance from undulator of length L is achieved when

Ryan R. Lindberg and Kwang-Je Kim (2015)

matchedmismatched

electron beam

emittance

photon limiting

emittance

Matching condition

SINGLE PHOTON’S ”PHASE SPACE” (900 eV)(Wigner Distribution Function)

from single electron

Phase space matching (from SPECTRA)

1 ×1021

2 ×1021

3 ×1021

Courtesy: Harry Westfahl Jr.

SINGLE PHOTON’S ”PHASE SPACE” (900 eV)(Wigner Distribution Function)

from single electron

ELECTRONS PHASE SPACE (HORIZONTAL)

AVERAGE PHOTON’S ”PHASE SPACE”(Wigner Distribution Function=Brilliance)

βx = 1.5 m

βx = 9 m

WDF(0,0) = 1021

rad2 /

WDF(0,0) = 5 1020

Phase space matching (from SPECTRA)

x [μm]

x’ [μ

x [μm]

x’ [μ

1 ×1021

2 ×1021

3 ×1021

2 ×1020

4 ×1020

6 ×1020

8 ×1020

Courtesy: Harry Westfahl Jr.

Sirius, the Brazilian Light Source Project

Budget• Accelerators 100 M US$• 13 beamlines 140 M US$• Building 213 M US$• Human Res 57 M US$• Total

510 M US$

Schedule• Jan.2015 start of building construction• Oct.2017 start of machine installation• Jul.2018 start of SR commissioning• Sep.2018 phase 1 operation (20mA, NCC)• Feb.2019 phase 2 operaton (100mA, SCC)

First beam 2018 – Open in 2019

40.000 students

UVX• 1.37 GeV• 100 nm.rad• 18 beamlines• 0ver 1200 users/yr

City of Campinas (population: 1.100.000)

200 employees80 students &

0 trainees

CNPEM Campus

Sirius main parameters

Storage Ring

Beam energy 3.0 GeV

Circumference 518.4 m

Lattice 20 x 5BA

Hor. emittance (bare lat.) 0.25 nm.rad

Hor. emittance (with IDs) → 0.15 nm.rad

Betatron tunes (H/V) 49.11 / 14.17

Natural chrom. (H/V) -119.0 / -81.2

rms energy spread 0.85 x 10-3

Energy loss/turn (dipoles) 473 keV

Dam. times (H/V/L) [ms] 16.9 / 22.0 / 12.9

Nominal current, top up 350 mALINACE = 150 MeV

BOOSTERE = 3 GeVEmit = 3.5 nm.rad

STORAGE RINGE = 3 GeV

Emit = 0.25 nm.rad

BoosterCircumference 496.8 m

Emittance @ 3 GeV 3.5 nm.rad

Lattice 50 Bend

Cycling frequency 2 Hz

The Sirius 5BA magnet lattice

B1 B1B2 B2BC

Quadrupoledoublet

dipoleB=0.58 Tsuperbend

B=3.2 T, θ=1.4°

Quadrupoletriplet

dipoleB=0.58 T

• 20 - 5BA arcs and 2 types of straight sections for insertion devices:– 5 high βx straight sections of 7.0 m – matching with quad doublets.– 15 low βx straight sections of 6.0 m – matching with quad triplets.

B1 B1B2 B2BC

Quadrupoledoublet

B=3.2 T, θ=1.4°

Quadrupoletriplet

dipoleB=0.58 T

• 20 PM longitudinal gradient superbends – sharp peak field of Bp= 3.2 T in the center → cri cal photon energy of ec = 19.2 keV

B1 B1B2 B2BC

Quadrupoledoublet

B=3.2 T, θ=1.4°

Quadrupoletriplet

dipoleB=0.58 T

• Low field (0.58 T) EM and PM dipoles with transverse field gradient (7.8 T/m)

B1 B1B2 B2BC

Quadrupoledoublet

B=3.2 T, θ=1.4°

Quadrupoletriplet

dipoleB=0.58 T

• Low field (0.58 T) EM and PM dipoles with transverse field gradient (7.8 T/m)• 13 quadrupoles/cell, 14 sextupoles/cell, no octupoles

B1 B1B2 B2BC

Quadrupoledoublet

B=3.2 T, θ=1.4°

Quadrupoletriplet

dipoleB=0.58 T

• Low field (0.58 T) EM and PM dipoles with transverse field gradient (7.8 T/m)• 13 quadrupoles/cell, 14 sextupoles/cell, no octupoles • Different lengths for B1 and B2 (but same unit block)

B1 B1B2 B2BC

Quadrupoledoublet

B=3.2 T, θ=1.4°

Quadrupoletriplet

dipoleB=0.58 T

• Low field (0.58 T) EM and PM dipoles with transverse field gradient (7.8 T/m)• 13 quadrupoles/cell, 14 sextupoles/cell, no octupoles • Different lengths for B1 and B2 (but same unit block)• NEG coated copper beam pipe ∅ = 24 mm (internal)

B1 B1B2 B2BC

Quadrupoledoublet

B=3.2 T, θ=1.4°

Quadrupoletriplet

dipoleB=0.58 T

Superbends (no wigglers allowed)

Permanent magnet (NdFeB)High field insert (3.2 T) superbend- 19 keV critical energy at peak- Hard X-rays produced only at beamline exit- Total energy loss/turn from dipoles = 473 keV

Superbends (no wigglers allowed)H

orizontalDivergence

1200 5 10 15 20 25

E[keV]

Δψ[mrad]

From SRW:

Permanent magnet (NdFeB)High field insert (3.2 T) superbend- 19 keV critical energy at peak- Hard X-rays produced only at beamline exit- Total energy loss/turn from dipoles = 473 keV

Sirius optics

• 5-fold symmetric optics with 5 high and 15 low β sections.

• Achromatic cells.• At low β sections

– βx ≈ βy ≈ 1.5 m– Optimized electron and

photon beam phase-space matching for undulators.

• At superbend– Strong focusing of

dispersion and βx functions– Beam size: 9.6 x 3.6 µm2

2.76˚ 2.76˚4.10˚ 4.10˚1.41˚ 1.41˚

1.47˚

high βlow β

Sirius optics

2.76˚ 2.76˚4.10˚ 4.10˚1.41˚ 1.41˚

1.47˚

high βlow β

βx ≈ βy ≈ 1.5 m

Sirius optics

2.76˚ 2.76˚4.10˚ 4.10˚1.41˚ 1.41˚

1.47˚

high βlow β

Low β SSσ [μm2] = 18 X 2.0σ’ [μrad2]= 13 X 1.2

βx ≈ βy ≈ 1.5 m

Sirius optics

2.76˚ 2.76˚4.10˚ 4.10˚1.41˚ 1.41˚

1.47˚

high βlow β

superbendσ [μm2] = 9.6 X 3.6σ’ [μrad2]= 26 X 0.7εc [keV] = 19.2

βx ≈ βy ≈ 1.5 m

Sirius optics

2.76˚ 2.76˚4.10˚ 4.10˚1.41˚ 1.41˚

1.47˚

high βlow β

High β SSσ [μm2] = 66 X 3.0σ’ [μrad2]= 3.7 X 0.8

superbendσ [μm2] = 9.6 X 3.6σ’ [μrad2]= 26 X 0.7εc [keV] = 19.2

βx ≈ βy ≈ 1.5 m

New low βx operation mode

Symmetry=10

high β high β high βlow β low β

Symmetry=10

Symmetry 5: 5 high βx + 15 low βx

high β high βlow β low βlow β

Symmetry=10

Symmetry=5

Low β optics: phase-space matching

Numerical integration of Wigner Distribution FunctionGaussian approximation of reference [H. Westfahl Jr et al, JSR, 24, 2017]

ε = 250 pm.rad

Courtesy: Harry Westfahl Jr

ε = 250 pm.rad

Sirius

ε = 250 pm.rad

Sirius MAX-IV

Low β optics: Beam Stay-Clear

high β low β

vertical

horizontal

low β

high β low β

vertical

horizontal

low β

< 2.4 mm @ 1.2m from center

high β low β

vertical

horizontal

low β

Sirius IDs will be based on Delta and APU undulators.

high β low β

vertical

horizontal

low β

Low β optics: Insertion Devices

• Delta Undulators– Possible for Sirius due to small Hor. BSC– Smoother K changes – Horizontal, Vertical and Circular x-ray

polarizations on the same energy range– Do not introduce strong harmful multipoles

Delta undulator prototypeEffect of 14 Delta21 and 14 Delta52 on DA7 in each polarization (H/V) distributed in low beta sections

Effect of IDs on emittance and energy spread

Beamline ID Type SS βx

CARNAÚBA Delta21 06 low

EMA APU19 08 low

CATERETÊ Delta21 07 low

IPÊ Delta52 11 low

SABIÁ Delta52 10 low

MANACÁ APU20 09 high

PGM++ Delta52 12 low

Sirius Phase-1 Beamlines

ID Type B0 [T] λ [mm] L [m] Kmax gap [mm]

Delta21 1.12 21 2.4 2.2 6.92Delta52 1.19 52 3.6 5.85 13.85APU19 1.28 19 2.4 2.3 5.0APU20 1.07 20 2.4 2.0 6.2

Sirius IDs

Sirius: initial phase beamlines (2019-2020)

3 GeV, 250 pm rad

IPÊ(AP-RIXS/AP-XPS)90 eV - 1600 eV

PAINEIRA(XPD)

4 -45 keV

CARNAÚBA(nanoprobe/ptychography)

2 -15 keV

MOGNO(Cone beam CT)

30- 120keV

JATOBÁ (XTMS)

30-120 keV

Short period undulat orLong per iod undulat or

3 .2 T Superbend

SABIÁ(ARPES/XMCD)

90 eV - 1600 eV

MANACÁ(micro and nano MX)

5 - 20 keVCATERETÊ(pw-CDI/XPCS)

3- 15 keV

INGÁ(IXS/Raman)5 - 24 keV

IMBÚIA(IR-SNOM)

0.001 - 1 eV

SAPUCAIA(SAXS)

4-24 keV

QUATI(quick EXAFS)

4- 45 keV

3 - 35 keV

EMA(Extreme Conditions)

– Experimental Programs• Tender nano-probe for spectro-

ptychography• Large FOV (30 μm) Coherent Diffraction

Imaging• Bragg CDI/XRD/XAFS under extreme

conditions• Serial micro and nano MX• Tender x-ray RIXS• AP-RIXS/XPS• ARPES/PEEM• Cone beam High Energy Tomography• Quick-EXAFS• 3D X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy• High-Throughput SAXS• Time Resolved Powder Diffraction• nano-FTIR

3.2 T BC 1.1 T 3PW

Brilliance Comparison

• Even with future upgrades, Sirius will be competitive in the energy range of tender X-rays.

ESRF-USirius

MAX IV

Sirius

ESRF-U

MAX IV

PS Cl K Ca Ti Cr

Courtesy: Harry Westfahl

3.2 T BC 1.1 T 3PW

Brilliance Comparison

• Even with future upgrades, Sirius will be competitive in the energy range of tender X-rays.

ESRF-USirius

MAX IV

Sirius

ESRF-U

MAX IV

PS Cl K Ca Ti Cr

Courtesy: Harry Westfahl

factor ~2 comes from betatronfunction matching

Scanning X-ray microscope

PhotonFlux ~ Brilliance(NA × δ )2

20 μm (@ LNLS today) 20 nm (@ Sirius in 2019)

Focusing optics

@ LNLS today: micronutrients during brain Formation 1 mm cerebral organoidsRafaela C. Sartore et al. (2017)

Combining coherent lensless X-ray imaging and fluorescence

green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtiimodel cell for studying photosynthesis

Junjing Deng et al (2017) done at APS

100 nm pix

100 nm pix 18 nm pix

Overlay of the two measurements green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtiimodel cell for studying photosynthesis

CARNAÚBA(Coherent X-Ray Nanofocus Beamline)

Fluorescence: ~100 nm pix

Acquisition time (2D):~0.1 s/pixel & ~75 min/image ~104 photons/nm2 at 5.2 keV

Lenseless imaging: ~18 nm pix

@ APS today:

Junjing Deng et al (2017)

(analytical ray tracing)

Horizontal (Hybrid method, Shi et al. 2014)Vertical (Hybrid method, Shi et al. 2014)

50 nm pix

@ APS today:

Sirius

(analytical ray tracing)

Horizontal (Hybrid method, Shi et al. 2014)Vertical (Hybrid method, Shi et al. 2014)

PS Cl K Ca Ti Cr

50 nm pix

@ APS today:

Sirius

~10 μs/pixel & ~1s/image

Sirius

~108 photons/nm2 at 5.2 keV

Machine & Beamline teams integration:Source scanning for ptychography

M. D. de Jonge et al. J. Sync. Rad. (2014)• Scanning the source position with

corrector strengths of ±400μrad can result in scanning ranges of ±400μm in each direction.

5 10 15 200

Photon Energy [keV]

• Step sizes of σx and σy result in ~ 40 x 100 overlapping scanning points for ptychography.

5 10 15 200

Photon Energy [keV]

• Step sizes of σx and σy result in ~ 40 x 100 overlapping scanning points for ptychography.

• Local beam bumps can be created with 4 correctors in the low beta straight section.

Conclusions

• The Synchrotron Radiation Light Source community is goingthrough a very exciting time, with many new developmentsunder way both in the machine and scientific applicationsides. Many new machines and machine upgrades areexpected for next years.

Conclusions

If you are a student or a young person starting in this field:you’ll have lots of fun! 😃

Conclusions

• It is important to integrate machine and beamline teams inthe optimization of experiments.

Conclusions

• It is important to integrate machine and beamline teams inthe optimization of experiments.

• This is an open community and international cooperation isone of the most important sources for learning andadvancing in this area.

Thank you!

Sirius Team – a small but highly motivated and integrated team!

Towards Diffraction Limited Storage Ring Based Light Sources

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